On the Psycholinguistics of Sarcasm. Gibbs Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115:3--15, 1986. Reprinted in Gibbs & Colston (2007) p. 173-200abstract bibtex "Results are reported of 6 experiments in which comprehension and memory for sarcastic statements in conversation are examined. Data from 3 reading-time studies indicate that people do not need to first process the literal meanings of sarcastic expressions, such as “You’re a fine friend” (meaning “You’re a bad friend”), before deriving their nonliteral, sarcastic interpretations. Subjects also comprehended instances of sarcasm based on an explicit echoic mention of some belief, societal norm, or previously stated opinion faster than they did instances in which the echo was only implicit. Three additional experiments examining memory for sarcasm showed that sarcasm was remembered much better than literal uses of the same expressions of nonsarcastic equivalents. Moreover, subjects recalled sarcasm that explicitly echoed a previously mentioned belief or societal norm more often than they remembered sarcasm that did not involve some explicit echo. Together, these experiments demonstrated that ease of processing and memory for sarcastic utterances depends crucially on how explicitly a speaker’s statement echoes either the addressee or some other source’s putative beliefs, opinions, or previous statement"
@article{gibbs_psycholinguistics_1986,
title = {On the {Psycholinguistics} of {Sarcasm}},
volume = {115},
abstract = {"Results are reported of 6 experiments in which comprehension and memory for sarcastic statements in conversation are examined. Data from 3 reading-time studies indicate that people do not need to first process the literal meanings of sarcastic expressions, such as “You’re a fine friend” (meaning “You’re a bad friend”), before deriving their nonliteral, sarcastic interpretations. Subjects also comprehended instances of sarcasm based on an explicit echoic mention of some belief, societal norm, or previously stated opinion faster than they did instances in which the echo was only implicit. Three additional experiments examining memory for sarcasm showed that sarcasm was remembered much better than literal uses of the same expressions of nonsarcastic equivalents. Moreover, subjects recalled sarcasm that explicitly echoed a previously mentioned belief or societal norm more often than they remembered sarcasm that did not involve some explicit echo. Together, these experiments demonstrated that ease of processing and memory for sarcastic utterances depends crucially on how explicitly a speaker’s statement echoes either the addressee or some other source’s putative beliefs, opinions, or previous statement"},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: General},
author = {Gibbs, Jr., Raymond W.},
year = {1986},
note = {Reprinted in Gibbs \& Colston (2007) p. 173-200},
keywords = {irony},
pages = {3--15}
}
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