@book{gitelman2013,
	address = {Cambridge  Mass.},
	series = {Infrastructures series},
	title = {"{Raw} {Data}" {Is} an {Oxymoron}},
	isbn = {978-0-262-51828-4},
	shorttitle = {"原始数据 "是个伪命题},
	abstract = {Episodes in the history of data, from early modern math problems to today's inescapable “dataveillance,” that demonstrate the dependence of data on culture.
                We live in the era of Big Data, with storage and transmission capacity measured not just in terabytes but in petabytes (where peta- denotes a quadrillion, or a thousand trillion). Data collection is constant and even insidious, with every click and every “like” stored somewhere for something. This book reminds us that data is anything but “raw,” that we shouldn't think of data as a natural resource but as a cultural one that needs to be generated, protected, and interpreted. The book's essays describe eight episodes in the history of data from the predigital to the digital. Together they address such issues as the ways that different kinds of data and different domains of inquiry are mutually defining; how data are variously “cooked” in the processes of their collection and use; and conflicts over what can—or can't—be “reduced” to data. Contributors discuss the intellectual history of data as a concept; describe early financial modeling and some unusual sources for astronomical data; discover the prehistory of the database in newspaper clippings and index cards; and consider contemporary “dataveillance” of our online habits as well as the complexity of scientific data curation. 
                    Essay Authors
                    Geoffrey C. Bowker, Kevin R. Brine, Ellen Gruber Garvey, Lisa Gitelman, Steven J. Jackson, Virginia Jackson, Markus Krajewski, Mary Poovey, Rita Raley, David Ribes, Daniel Rosenberg, Matthew Stanley, Travis D. Williams

【摘要翻译】从早期的现代数学问题到今天无法回避的 "数据监控"，数据史上的一些插曲证明了数据对文化的依赖性。
                我们生活在大数据时代，数据的存储和传输能力不仅以 TB 为单位，而且以 PB 为单位（Peta 表示四万亿，即一千万亿）。数据收集是持续不断的，甚至是隐蔽的，每一次点击和每一个 "赞 "都会被存储在某个地方。本书提醒我们，数据不是 "原始 "的，我们不应将数据视为自然资源，而应将其视为需要生成、保护和解读的文化资源。书中的文章描述了数据从前数字时代到数字时代的八段历史。这些文章共同探讨了以下问题：不同类型的数据和不同的研究领域是如何相互定义的；数据在收集和使用过程中是如何被 "烹饪 "的；以及关于什么可以或不可以被 "还原 "为数据的冲突。撰稿人讨论了数据作为一个概念的思想史；描述了早期的金融建模和一些不寻常的天文数据来源；从剪报和索引卡中发现了数据库的前史；并思考了当代对我们在线习惯的 "数据监控 "以及科学数据整理的复杂性。
                    论文作者
                    Geoffrey C. Bowker, Kevin R. Brine, Ellen Gruber Garvey, Lisa Gitelman, Steven J. Jackson, Virginia Jackson, Markus Krajewski, Mary Poovey, Rita Raley, David Ribes, Daniel Rosenberg, Matthew Stanley, Travis D. Williams},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-03-19},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	editor = {Gitelman, Lisa},
	year = {2013},
	note = {🏷️ /unread},
	keywords = {/unread},
}

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The book's essays describe eight episodes in the history of data from the predigital to the digital. Together they address such issues as the ways that different kinds of data and different domains of inquiry are mutually defining; how data are variously “cooked” in the processes of their collection and use; and conflicts over what can—or can't—be “reduced” to data. Contributors discuss the intellectual history of data as a concept; describe early financial modeling and some unusual sources for astronomical data; discover the prehistory of the database in newspaper clippings and index cards; and consider contemporary “dataveillance” of our online habits as well as the complexity of scientific data curation. Essay Authors Geoffrey C. Bowker, Kevin R. Brine, Ellen Gruber Garvey, Lisa Gitelman, Steven J. Jackson, Virginia Jackson, Markus Krajewski, Mary Poovey, Rita Raley, David Ribes, Daniel Rosenberg, Matthew Stanley, Travis D. Williams 【摘要翻译】从早期的现代数学问题到今天无法回避的 \"数据监控\"，数据史上的一些插曲证明了数据对文化的依赖性。 我们生活在大数据时代，数据的存储和传输能力不仅以 TB 为单位，而且以 PB 为单位（Peta 表示四万亿，即一千万亿）。数据收集是持续不断的，甚至是隐蔽的，每一次点击和每一个 \"赞 \"都会被存储在某个地方。本书提醒我们，数据不是 \"原始 \"的，我们不应将数据视为自然资源，而应将其视为需要生成、保护和解读的文化资源。书中的文章描述了数据从前数字时代到数字时代的八段历史。这些文章共同探讨了以下问题：不同类型的数据和不同的研究领域是如何相互定义的；数据在收集和使用过程中是如何被 \"烹饪 \"的；以及关于什么可以或不可以被 \"还原 \"为数据的冲突。撰稿人讨论了数据作为一个概念的思想史；描述了早期的金融建模和一些不寻常的天文数据来源；从剪报和索引卡中发现了数据库的前史；并思考了当代对我们在线习惯的 \"数据监控 \"以及科学数据整理的复杂性。 论文作者 Geoffrey C. Bowker, Kevin R. Brine, Ellen Gruber Garvey, Lisa Gitelman, Steven J. Jackson, Virginia Jackson, Markus Krajewski, Mary Poovey, Rita Raley, David Ribes, Daniel Rosenberg, Matthew Stanley, Travis D. Williams","language":"en","urldate":"2021-03-19","publisher":"MIT Press","editor":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Gitelman"],"firstnames":["Lisa"],"suffixes":[]}],"year":"2013","note":"🏷️ /unread","keywords":"/unread","bibtex":"@book{gitelman2013,\n\taddress = {Cambridge Mass.},\n\tseries = {Infrastructures series},\n\ttitle = {\"{Raw} {Data}\" {Is} an {Oxymoron}},\n\tisbn = {978-0-262-51828-4},\n\tshorttitle = {\"原始数据 \"是个伪命题},\n\tabstract = {Episodes in the history of data, from early modern math problems to today's inescapable “dataveillance,” that demonstrate the dependence of data on culture.\n We live in the era of Big Data, with storage and transmission capacity measured not just in terabytes but in petabytes (where peta- denotes a quadrillion, or a thousand trillion). Data collection is constant and even insidious, with every click and every “like” stored somewhere for something. This book reminds us that data is anything but “raw,” that we shouldn't think of data as a natural resource but as a cultural one that needs to be generated, protected, and interpreted. The book's essays describe eight episodes in the history of data from the predigital to the digital. Together they address such issues as the ways that different kinds of data and different domains of inquiry are mutually defining; how data are variously “cooked” in the processes of their collection and use; and conflicts over what can—or can't—be “reduced” to data. Contributors discuss the intellectual history of data as a concept; describe early financial modeling and some unusual sources for astronomical data; discover the prehistory of the database in newspaper clippings and index cards; and consider contemporary “dataveillance” of our online habits as well as the complexity of scientific data curation. \n Essay Authors\n Geoffrey C. Bowker, Kevin R. Brine, Ellen Gruber Garvey, Lisa Gitelman, Steven J. Jackson, Virginia Jackson, Markus Krajewski, Mary Poovey, Rita Raley, David Ribes, Daniel Rosenberg, Matthew Stanley, Travis D. Williams\n\n【摘要翻译】从早期的现代数学问题到今天无法回避的 \"数据监控\"，数据史上的一些插曲证明了数据对文化的依赖性。\n 我们生活在大数据时代，数据的存储和传输能力不仅以 TB 为单位，而且以 PB 为单位（Peta 表示四万亿，即一千万亿）。数据收集是持续不断的，甚至是隐蔽的，每一次点击和每一个 \"赞 \"都会被存储在某个地方。本书提醒我们，数据不是 \"原始 \"的，我们不应将数据视为自然资源，而应将其视为需要生成、保护和解读的文化资源。书中的文章描述了数据从前数字时代到数字时代的八段历史。这些文章共同探讨了以下问题：不同类型的数据和不同的研究领域是如何相互定义的；数据在收集和使用过程中是如何被 \"烹饪 \"的；以及关于什么可以或不可以被 \"还原 \"为数据的冲突。撰稿人讨论了数据作为一个概念的思想史；描述了早期的金融建模和一些不寻常的天文数据来源；从剪报和索引卡中发现了数据库的前史；并思考了当代对我们在线习惯的 \"数据监控 \"以及科学数据整理的复杂性。\n 论文作者\n Geoffrey C. Bowker, Kevin R. Brine, Ellen Gruber Garvey, Lisa Gitelman, Steven J. Jackson, Virginia Jackson, Markus Krajewski, Mary Poovey, Rita Raley, David Ribes, Daniel Rosenberg, Matthew Stanley, Travis D. 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