Not yet human: implicit knowledge, historical dehumanization, and contemporary consequences. Goff, P. A., Eberhardt, J. L, Williams, M. J, & Jackson, M. C. J Pers Soc Psychol, 94(2):292–306, 2008. Place: United States ISBN: 0022-3514doi abstract bibtex Historical representations explicitly depicting Blacks as apelike have largely disappeared in the United States, yet a mental association between Blacks and apes remains. Here, the authors demonstrate that U.S. citizens implicitly associate Blacks and apes. In a series of laboratory studies, the authors reveal how this association influences study participants' basic cognitive processes and significantly alters their judgments in criminal justice contexts. Specifically, this Black-ape association alters visual perception and attention, and it increases endorsement of violence against Black suspects. In an archival study of actual criminal cases, the authors show that news articles written about Blacks who are convicted of capital crimes are more likely to contain ape-relevant language than news articles written about White convicts. Moreover, those who are implicitly portrayed as more apelike in these articles are more likely to be executed by the state than those who are not. The authors argue that examining the subtle persistence of specific historical representations such as these may not only enhance contemporary research on dehumanization, stereotyping, and implicit processes but also highlight common forms of discrimination that previously have gone unrecognized.
@article{goff_not_2008,
title = {Not yet human: implicit knowledge, historical dehumanization, and contemporary consequences.},
volume = {94},
doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.292},
abstract = {Historical representations explicitly depicting Blacks as apelike have largely disappeared in the United States, yet a mental association between Blacks and apes remains. Here, the authors demonstrate that U.S. citizens implicitly associate Blacks and apes. In a series of laboratory studies, the authors reveal how this association influences study participants' basic cognitive processes and significantly alters their judgments in criminal justice contexts. Specifically, this Black-ape association alters visual perception and attention, and it increases endorsement of violence against Black suspects. In an archival study of actual criminal cases, the authors show that news articles written about Blacks who are convicted of capital crimes are more likely to contain ape-relevant language than news articles written about White convicts. Moreover, those who are implicitly portrayed as more apelike in these articles are more likely to be executed by the state than those who are not. The authors argue that examining the subtle persistence of specific historical representations such as these may not only enhance contemporary research on dehumanization, stereotyping, and implicit processes but also highlight common forms of discrimination that previously have gone unrecognized.},
language = {eng},
number = {2},
journal = {J Pers Soc Psychol},
author = {Goff, Phillip Atiba and Eberhardt, Jennifer L and Williams, Melissa J and Jackson, Matthew Christian},
year = {2008},
pmid = {18211178},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 0022-3514},
keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, African Continental Ancestry Group, Civil Rights, Dehumanization, European Continental Ancestry Group, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, Humans, Male, Obama Effect, Prejudice, Questionnaires, Stereotyping, United States, historical article, research support, non-u.s. gov't},
pages = {292--306},
}
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Specifically, this Black-ape association alters visual perception and attention, and it increases endorsement of violence against Black suspects. In an archival study of actual criminal cases, the authors show that news articles written about Blacks who are convicted of capital crimes are more likely to contain ape-relevant language than news articles written about White convicts. Moreover, those who are implicitly portrayed as more apelike in these articles are more likely to be executed by the state than those who are not. 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