Four-hundred million years of conserved synteny of human Xp and Xq genes on three Tetraodon chromosomes. Grützner, F., Roest Crollius, H., Lütjens, G., Jaillon, O., Weissenbach, J., Ropers, H., & Haaf, T. Genome Research, 12(9):1316–1322, September, 2002.
doi  abstract   bibtex   
The freshwater pufferfish Tetraodon nigroviridis (TNI) has become highly attractive as a compact reference vertebrate genome for gene finding and validation. We have mapped genes, which are more or less evenly spaced on the human chromosomes 9 and X, on Tetraodon chromosomes using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), to establish syntenic relationships between Tetraodon and other key vertebrate genomes. PufferFISH revealed that the human X is an orthologous mosaic of three Tetraodon chromosomes. More than 350 million years ago, an ancestral vertebrate autosome shared orthologous Xp and Xq genes with Tetraodon chromosomes 1 and 7. The shuffled order of Xp and Xq orthologs on their syntenic Tetraodon chromosomes can be explained by the prevalence of evolutionary inversions. The Tetraodon 2 orthologous genes are clustered in human Xp11 and represent a recent addition to the eutherian X sex chromosome. The human chromosome 9 and the avian Z sex chromosome show a much lower degree of synteny conservation in the pufferfish than the human X chromosome. We propose that a special selection process during vertebrate evolution has shaped a highly conserved array(s) of X-linked genes long before the X was used as a mammalian sex chromosome and many X chromosomal genes were recruited for reproduction and/or the development of cognitive abilities. [Sequence data reported in this paper have been deposited in GenBank and assigned the following accession no: AJ308098.]
@article{grutzner_four-hundred_2002-2,
	title = {Four-hundred million years of conserved synteny of human {Xp} and {Xq} genes on three {Tetraodon} chromosomes},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1088-9051},
	doi = {10.1101/gr.222402},
	abstract = {The freshwater pufferfish Tetraodon nigroviridis (TNI) has become highly attractive as a compact reference vertebrate genome for gene finding and validation. We have mapped genes, which are more or less evenly spaced on the human chromosomes 9 and X, on Tetraodon chromosomes using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), to establish syntenic relationships between Tetraodon and other key vertebrate genomes. PufferFISH revealed that the human X is an orthologous mosaic of three Tetraodon chromosomes. More than 350 million years ago, an ancestral vertebrate autosome shared orthologous Xp and Xq genes with Tetraodon chromosomes 1 and 7. The shuffled order of Xp and Xq orthologs on their syntenic Tetraodon chromosomes can be explained by the prevalence of evolutionary inversions. The Tetraodon 2 orthologous genes are clustered in human Xp11 and represent a recent addition to the eutherian X sex chromosome. The human chromosome 9 and the avian Z sex chromosome show a much lower degree of synteny conservation in the pufferfish than the human X chromosome. We propose that a special selection process during vertebrate evolution has shaped a highly conserved array(s) of X-linked genes long before the X was used as a mammalian sex chromosome and many X chromosomal genes were recruited for reproduction and/or the development of cognitive abilities. [Sequence data reported in this paper have been deposited in GenBank and assigned the following accession no: AJ308098.]},
	language = {eng},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Genome Research},
	author = {Grützner, Frank and Roest Crollius, Hugues and Lütjens, Götz and Jaillon, Olivier and Weissenbach, Jean and Ropers, Hans-Hilger and Haaf, Thomas},
	month = sep,
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Animals, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Molecular, Chromosomes, DNA, Genes, Conserved Sequence, Synteny, Chickens, Genetic Markers, Tetraodontiformes, X Chromosome, Human, Evolution, Pair 9},
	pages = {1316--1322},
}

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