Achieving Energy-synchronized Communication in Energy-harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks. Gu, Y., He, L., Zhu, T., & He, T. ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, ACM, 1, 2014.
Achieving Energy-synchronized Communication in Energy-harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks [link]Website  abstract   bibtex   
With advances in energy-harvesting techniques, it is now feasible to build sustainable sensor networks to support long-term applications. Unlike battery-powered sensor networks, the objective of sustainable sensor networks is to effectively utilize a continuous stream of ambient energy. Instead of pushing the limits of energy conservation, we aim to design energy-synchronized schemes that keep energy supplies and demands in balance. Specifically, this work presents Energy-Synchronized Communication (ESC) as a transparent middleware between the network layer and MAC layer that controls the amount and timing of RF activity at receiving nodes. In this work, we first derive a delay model for cross-traffic at individual nodes, which reveals an interesting stair effect. This effect allows us to design a localized energy synchronization control with ℴ(d3) time complexity that shuffles or adjusts the working schedule of a node to optimize cross-traffic delays in the presence of changing duty cycle budgets, where d is the node degree in the network. Under different rates of energy fluctuations, shuffle-based and adjustment-based methods have different influences on logical connectivity and cross-traffic delay, due to the inconsistent views of working schedules among neighboring nodes before schedule updates. We study the trade-off between them and propose methods for updating working schedules efficiently. To evaluate our work, ESC is implemented on MicaZ nodes with two state-of-the-art routing protocols. Both testbed experiment and large-scale simulation results show significant performance improvements over randomized synchronization controls.
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 title = {Achieving Energy-synchronized Communication in Energy-harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {energy,energy-harvesting,sensor-network,wireless,wsn},
 volume = {13},
 websites = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2544375.2544388},
 month = {1},
 publisher = {ACM},
 id = {88e8d9c7-80e9-3b51-9a7c-112dacc659bb},
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 abstract = {With advances in energy-harvesting techniques, it is now feasible to build sustainable sensor networks to support long-term applications. Unlike battery-powered sensor networks, the objective of sustainable sensor networks is to effectively utilize a continuous stream of ambient energy. Instead of pushing the limits of energy conservation, we aim to design energy-synchronized schemes that keep energy supplies and demands in balance. Specifically, this work presents Energy-Synchronized Communication (ESC) as a transparent middleware between the network layer and MAC layer that controls the amount and timing of RF activity at receiving nodes. In this work, we first derive a delay model for cross-traffic at individual nodes, which reveals an interesting stair effect. This effect allows us to design a localized energy synchronization control with ℴ(d3) time complexity that shuffles or adjusts the working schedule of a node to optimize cross-traffic delays in the presence of changing duty cycle budgets, where d is the node degree in the network. Under different rates of energy fluctuations, shuffle-based and adjustment-based methods have different influences on logical connectivity and cross-traffic delay, due to the inconsistent views of working schedules among neighboring nodes before schedule updates. We study the trade-off between them and propose methods for updating working schedules efficiently. To evaluate our work, ESC is implemented on MicaZ nodes with two state-of-the-art routing protocols. Both testbed experiment and large-scale simulation results show significant performance improvements over randomized synchronization controls.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Gu, Yu and He, Liang and Zhu, Ting and He, Tian},
 journal = {ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems},
 number = {2s}
}

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