@article{haenelt_fate_2023,
	title = {The fate of sulfonamide resistance genes and anthropogenic pollution marker {intI1} after discharge of wastewater into a pristine river stream},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1664-302X},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1058350/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2023.1058350},
	abstract = {Introduction
              
                Currently there are sparse regulations regarding the discharge of antibiotics from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) into river systems, making surface waters a latent reservoir for antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). To better understand factors that influence the fate of ARGs in the environment and to foster surveillance of antibiotic resistance spreading in such habitats, several indicator genes have been proposed, including the integrase gene
                intI1
                and the sulfonamide resistance genes
                sul1
                and
                sul2
                .
              
            
            
              Methods
              
                Here we used quantitative PCR and long-read nanopore sequencing to monitor the abundance of these indicator genes and ARGs present as class 1 integron gene cassettes in a river system from pristine source to WWTP-impacted water. ARG abundance was compared with the dynamics of the microbial communities determined
                via
                16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, conventional water parameters and the concentration of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfamethazine (SMZ) and sulfadiazine (SDZ).
              
            
            
              Results
              
                Our results show that WWTP effluent was the principal source of all three sulfonamides with highest concentrations for SMX (median 8.6 ng/l), and of the indicator genes
                sul1
                ,
                sul2
                and
                intI1
                with median relative abundance to 16S rRNA gene of 0.55, 0.77 and 0.65\%, respectively. Downstream from the WWTP, water quality improved constantly, including lower sulfonamide concentrations, decreasing abundances of
                sul1
                and
                sul2
                and lower numbers and diversity of ARGs in the class 1 integron. The riverine microbial community partially recovered after receiving WWTP effluent, which was consolidated by a microbiome recovery model. Surprisingly, the relative abundance of
                intI1
                increased 3-fold over 13 km of the river stretch, suggesting an internal gene multiplication.
              
            
            
              Discussion
              We found no evidence that low amounts of sulfonamides in the aquatic environment stimulate the maintenance or even spread of corresponding ARGs. Nevertheless, class 1 integrons carrying various ARGs were still present 13 km downstream from the WWTP. Therefore, limiting the release of ARG-harboring microorganisms may be more crucial for restricting the environmental spread of antimicrobial resistance than attenuating ng/L concentrations of antibiotics.},
	urldate = {2024-11-15},
	journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
	author = {Haenelt, Sarah and Wang, Gangan and Kasmanas, Jonas Coelho and Musat, Florin and Richnow, Hans Hermann and Da Rocha, Ulisses Nunes and Müller, Jochen A. and Musat, Niculina},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {1058350},
}

{"_id":"cHyPt5JftnN7rX573","bibbaseid":"haenelt-wang-kasmanas-musat-richnow-darocha-mller-musat-thefateofsulfonamideresistancegenesandanthropogenicpollutionmarkerinti1afterdischargeofwastewaterintoapristineriverstream-2023","author_short":["Haenelt, S.","Wang, G.","Kasmanas, J. C.","Musat, F.","Richnow, H. H.","Da Rocha, U. N.","Müller, J. A.","Musat, N."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","title":"The fate of sulfonamide resistance genes and anthropogenic pollution marker intI1 after discharge of wastewater into a pristine river stream","volume":"14","issn":"1664-302X","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1058350/full","doi":"10.3389/fmicb.2023.1058350","abstract":"Introduction Currently there are sparse regulations regarding the discharge of antibiotics from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) into river systems, making surface waters a latent reservoir for antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). To better understand factors that influence the fate of ARGs in the environment and to foster surveillance of antibiotic resistance spreading in such habitats, several indicator genes have been proposed, including the integrase gene intI1 and the sulfonamide resistance genes sul1 and sul2 . Methods Here we used quantitative PCR and long-read nanopore sequencing to monitor the abundance of these indicator genes and ARGs present as class 1 integron gene cassettes in a river system from pristine source to WWTP-impacted water. ARG abundance was compared with the dynamics of the microbial communities determined via 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, conventional water parameters and the concentration of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfamethazine (SMZ) and sulfadiazine (SDZ). Results Our results show that WWTP effluent was the principal source of all three sulfonamides with highest concentrations for SMX (median 8.6 ng/l), and of the indicator genes sul1 , sul2 and intI1 with median relative abundance to 16S rRNA gene of 0.55, 0.77 and 0.65%, respectively. Downstream from the WWTP, water quality improved constantly, including lower sulfonamide concentrations, decreasing abundances of sul1 and sul2 and lower numbers and diversity of ARGs in the class 1 integron. The riverine microbial community partially recovered after receiving WWTP effluent, which was consolidated by a microbiome recovery model. Surprisingly, the relative abundance of intI1 increased 3-fold over 13 km of the river stretch, suggesting an internal gene multiplication. Discussion We found no evidence that low amounts of sulfonamides in the aquatic environment stimulate the maintenance or even spread of corresponding ARGs. Nevertheless, class 1 integrons carrying various ARGs were still present 13 km downstream from the WWTP. Therefore, limiting the release of ARG-harboring microorganisms may be more crucial for restricting the environmental spread of antimicrobial resistance than attenuating ng/L concentrations of antibiotics.","urldate":"2024-11-15","journal":"Frontiers in Microbiology","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Haenelt"],"firstnames":["Sarah"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Wang"],"firstnames":["Gangan"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Kasmanas"],"firstnames":["Jonas","Coelho"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Musat"],"firstnames":["Florin"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Richnow"],"firstnames":["Hans","Hermann"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Da","Rocha"],"firstnames":["Ulisses","Nunes"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Müller"],"firstnames":["Jochen","A."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Musat"],"firstnames":["Niculina"],"suffixes":[]}],"month":"January","year":"2023","pages":"1058350","bibtex":"@article{haenelt_fate_2023,\n\ttitle = {The fate of sulfonamide resistance genes and anthropogenic pollution marker {intI1} after discharge of wastewater into a pristine river stream},\n\tvolume = {14},\n\tissn = {1664-302X},\n\turl = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1058350/full},\n\tdoi = {10.3389/fmicb.2023.1058350},\n\tabstract = {Introduction\n \n Currently there are sparse regulations regarding the discharge of antibiotics from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) into river systems, making surface waters a latent reservoir for antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). To better understand factors that influence the fate of ARGs in the environment and to foster surveillance of antibiotic resistance spreading in such habitats, several indicator genes have been proposed, including the integrase gene\n intI1\n and the sulfonamide resistance genes\n sul1\n and\n sul2\n .\n \n \n \n Methods\n \n Here we used quantitative PCR and long-read nanopore sequencing to monitor the abundance of these indicator genes and ARGs present as class 1 integron gene cassettes in a river system from pristine source to WWTP-impacted water. ARG abundance was compared with the dynamics of the microbial communities determined\n via\n 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, conventional water parameters and the concentration of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfamethazine (SMZ) and sulfadiazine (SDZ).\n \n \n \n Results\n \n Our results show that WWTP effluent was the principal source of all three sulfonamides with highest concentrations for SMX (median 8.6 ng/l), and of the indicator genes\n sul1\n ,\n sul2\n and\n intI1\n with median relative abundance to 16S rRNA gene of 0.55, 0.77 and 0.65\\%, respectively. Downstream from the WWTP, water quality improved constantly, including lower sulfonamide concentrations, decreasing abundances of\n sul1\n and\n sul2\n and lower numbers and diversity of ARGs in the class 1 integron. The riverine microbial community partially recovered after receiving WWTP effluent, which was consolidated by a microbiome recovery model. Surprisingly, the relative abundance of\n intI1\n increased 3-fold over 13 km of the river stretch, suggesting an internal gene multiplication.\n \n \n \n Discussion\n We found no evidence that low amounts of sulfonamides in the aquatic environment stimulate the maintenance or even spread of corresponding ARGs. Nevertheless, class 1 integrons carrying various ARGs were still present 13 km downstream from the WWTP. Therefore, limiting the release of ARG-harboring microorganisms may be more crucial for restricting the environmental spread of antimicrobial resistance than attenuating ng/L concentrations of antibiotics.},\n\turldate = {2024-11-15},\n\tjournal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},\n\tauthor = {Haenelt, Sarah and Wang, Gangan and Kasmanas, Jonas Coelho and Musat, Florin and Richnow, Hans Hermann and Da Rocha, Ulisses Nunes and Müller, Jochen A. and Musat, Niculina},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpages = {1058350},\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","author_short":["Haenelt, S.","Wang, G.","Kasmanas, J. C.","Musat, F.","Richnow, H. H.","Da Rocha, U. N.","Müller, J. A.","Musat, N."],"key":"haenelt_fate_2023","id":"haenelt_fate_2023","bibbaseid":"haenelt-wang-kasmanas-musat-richnow-darocha-mller-musat-thefateofsulfonamideresistancegenesandanthropogenicpollutionmarkerinti1afterdischargeofwastewaterintoapristineriverstream-2023","role":"author","urls":{"Paper":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1058350/full"},"metadata":{"authorlinks":{}}},"bibtype":"article","biburl":"https://bibbase.org/zotero/tereno","dataSources":["cq3J5xX6zmBvc2TQC"],"keywords":[],"search_terms":["fate","sulfonamide","resistance","genes","anthropogenic","pollution","marker","inti1","discharge","wastewater","pristine","river","stream","haenelt","wang","kasmanas","musat","richnow","da rocha","müller","musat"],"title":"The fate of sulfonamide resistance genes and anthropogenic pollution marker intI1 after discharge of wastewater into a pristine river stream","year":2023}