Surviving elections: Election violence, incumbent victory and post-election repercussions. Hafner-Burton, E. M, Hyde, S. D, & Jablonski, R. S British Journal of Political Science, 48(2):459-488, 2018.
Surviving elections: Election violence, incumbent victory and post-election repercussions [link]Publication  Surviving elections: Election violence, incumbent victory and post-election repercussions [pdf]Ungated paper  Surviving elections: Election violence, incumbent victory and post-election repercussions [link]Data  abstract   bibtex   4 downloads  
It is often assumed that government-sponsored election violence increases the probability that incumbent leaders remain in power. Using cross-national data, this article shows that election violence increases the probability of incumbent victory, but can generate risky post-election dynamics. These differences in the consequences of election violence reflect changes in the strategic setting over the course of the election cycle. In the pre-election period, anti-incumbent collective action tends to be focused on the election itself, either through voter mobilization or opposition-organized election boycotts. In the post-election period, by contrast, when a favorable electoral outcome is no longer a possibility, anti-government collective action more often takes the form of mass political protest, which in turn can lead to costly repercussions for incumbent leaders.

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