Radiative forcing and climate response. Hansen, J., Sato, M., & Ruedy, R. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102(D6):6831-6864, 1997. abstract bibtex We examine the sensitivity of a climate model to changes of solar irradiance, atmospheric CO/sub 2/, O/sub 3/, CFCs, clouds, aerosols, surface albedo, and a "ghost" forcing introduced at arbitrary heights, latitudes, longitudes, seasons, and times of day. We show that, in general, the climate response, specifically the global mean temperature change, is sensitive to the altitude, latitude, and nature of the forcing. In all cases the physical basis for the variations of the response can be understood. The principal mechanisms involve alterations of lapse rate and decrease (increase) of large-scale cloud cover in layers that are preferentially heated (cooled). Although the magnitude of these effects must be model-dependent, the existence and sense of the mechanisms appear to be reasonable. We reaffirm the value of radiative forcing for predicting climate response and for comparative studies of different forcings; the results can help improve the accuracy of such analyses and define error estimates. Our results emphasize the need for measurements having the specificity and precision needed to define poorly known forcings such as absorbing aerosols and ozone change. Available data on aerosol single scatter albedo imply that anthropogenic aerosols cause less cooling than has commonly been assumed. However, negative forcing due to the net ozone change since 1979 appears to have counterbalanced 30-50% of the positive forcing due to the increase of well-mixed greenhouse gases in the same period.
@article{
title = {Radiative forcing and climate response},
type = {article},
year = {1997},
keywords = {Aerosol,Aerosol single scatter albedo,Aerosols,Air pollution,Albedo,Altitude,Anthropogenic aerosols,Atmospheric composition,Atmospheric radiation,Atmospheric temperature,CO/sub 2/,Climate response,Climatology,Clouds,Cooling,Error estimate,Ghost forcing,Global mean temperature change,Heights,Lapse rate,Large-scale cloud cover,Latitudes,Longitudes,O/sub 3/,Precision,Radiative forcing,Seasons,Solar irradiance,Specificity,Sunlight,Surface albedo,Times of day},
pages = {6831-6864},
volume = {102},
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notes = {<b>From Duplicate 2 (<i>Radiative forcing and climate response</i> - Hansen, J; Sato, M; Ruedy, R)<br/></b><br/><b>From Duplicate 1 (<i>Radiative forcing and climate response</i> - Hansen, J; Sato, M; Ruedy, R)<br/></b><br/>Article<br/>American Geophys. Union},
abstract = {We examine the sensitivity of a climate model to changes of solar irradiance, atmospheric CO/sub 2/, O/sub 3/, CFCs, clouds, aerosols, surface albedo, and a "ghost" forcing introduced at arbitrary heights, latitudes, longitudes, seasons, and times of day. We show that, in general, the climate response, specifically the global mean temperature change, is sensitive to the altitude, latitude, and nature of the forcing. In all cases the physical basis for the variations of the response can be understood. The principal mechanisms involve alterations of lapse rate and decrease (increase) of large-scale cloud cover in layers that are preferentially heated (cooled). Although the magnitude of these effects must be model-dependent, the existence and sense of the mechanisms appear to be reasonable. We reaffirm the value of radiative forcing for predicting climate response and for comparative studies of different forcings; the results can help improve the accuracy of such analyses and define error estimates. Our results emphasize the need for measurements having the specificity and precision needed to define poorly known forcings such as absorbing aerosols and ozone change. Available data on aerosol single scatter albedo imply that anthropogenic aerosols cause less cooling than has commonly been assumed. However, negative forcing due to the net ozone change since 1979 appears to have counterbalanced 30-50% of the positive forcing due to the increase of well-mixed greenhouse gases in the same period.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Hansen, J and Sato, M and Ruedy, R},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
number = {D6}
}
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