@article{
 title = {Grandmothers and the Evolution of Human Longevity},
 type = {article},
 year = {2003},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {*Evolution,*Family,*Longevity,Aging,Animals,Biological,Humans,Models,Pan troglodytes},
 pages = {380-400},
 volume = {15},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12704714},
 edition = {2003/04/22},
 id = {48b60b26-ce0d-3210-90d4-f3cd1e798e69},
 created = {2017-06-19T13:41:50.765Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
 group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
 last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:41:50.891Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 source_type = {Journal Article},
 language = {eng},
 notes = {<m:note>        <m:bold>From Duplicate 1 ( </m:bold>        <m:bold>          </m:bold><m:bold><m:italic>Grandmothers and the evolution of human longevity</m:italic></m:bold><m:bold>        </m:bold>        <m:bold> - Hawkes, K )<m:linebreak/>        </m:bold>        <m:linebreak/>Hawkes, Kristen<m:linebreak/>Review<m:linebreak/>United States<m:linebreak/>American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council<m:linebreak/>Am J Hum Biol. 2003 May-Jun;15(3):380-400.<m:linebreak/>        <m:linebreak/>      </m:note>},
 abstract = {ABSTRACT Great apes, our closest living relatives, live longer and mature later than most other mammals and modern humans are even later-maturing and potentially longer-lived. Evolutionary life-history theory seeks to explain cross-species differences in these variables and the covariation between them. That provides the foundation for a hypothesis that a novel role for grandmothers underlies the shift from an ape-like ancestral pattern to one more like our own in the first widely successful members of genus Homo. This hypothesis links four distinctive features of human life histories: 1) our potential longevity, 2) our late maturity, 3) our midlife menopause, and 4) our early weaning with next offspring produced before the previous infant can feed itself. I discuss the problem, then, using modern humans and chimpanzees to represent, respectively, genus Homo and australopithecines, I focus on two corollaries of this grandmother hypothesis: 1) that ancestral age-specific fertility declines persisted in our genus, while 2) senescence in other aspects of physiological performance slowed down. The data are scanty but they illustrate similarities in age-specific fertility decline and differences in somatic durability that are consist- ent with the hypothesis that increased longevity in our genus is a legacy of the ‘‘reproductive’’ role of ancestral grandmothers},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Hawkes, Kristen},
 journal = {American journal of human biology},
 number = {3}
}

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Evolutionary life-history theory seeks to explain cross-species differences in these variables and the covariation between them. That provides the foundation for a hypothesis that a novel role for grandmothers underlies the shift from an ape-like ancestral pattern to one more like our own in the first widely successful members of genus Homo. This hypothesis links four distinctive features of human life histories: 1) our potential longevity, 2) our late maturity, 3) our midlife menopause, and 4) our early weaning with next offspring produced before the previous infant can feed itself. I discuss the problem, then, using modern humans and chimpanzees to represent, respectively, genus Homo and australopithecines, I focus on two corollaries of this grandmother hypothesis: 1) that ancestral age-specific fertility declines persisted in our genus, while 2) senescence in other aspects of physiological performance slowed down. 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