Community care in England: reducing socioeconomic inequalities in heart failure. Hawkins, N. M., Scholes, S., Bajekal, M., Love, H., O'Flaherty, M., Raine, R., & Capewell, S. Circulation, 126(9):1050--1057, August, 2012.
doi  abstract   bibtex   
BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic deprivation is associated with increased heart failure (HF) incidence, hospitalization rates, and mortality. However, whether the delivery of survival-enhancing medical therapy is equitable remains uncertain. We examined secular trends in the uptake of key medical therapies (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, β-blockers, spironolactone) stratified by socioeconomic circumstances in patients with HF. Secondary analyses examined trends in HF incidence, prevalence, and survival. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was a cross-sectional observational analysis of nationally representative primary care data from England. Treatments for patients with HF in 1999 and 2007 (n=13 330) were extracted from the General Practice Research Database. Socioeconomic circumstances were defined with the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2007, a weighted composite of 7 area-level deprivation domains. Treatment uptake estimates were age standardized. The incidence and prevalence of HF decreased year to year. Although clear socioeconomic gradients in both the incidence and prevalence of HF were apparent, the absolute difference between most and least deprived reduced over time. Uptake of therapies improved over time in both men and women. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker uptake increased from 46% to 64%, β-blocker uptake from 12% to 41%, and spironolactone uptake from 3% to 20%. Modest age and sex inequalities were apparent. However, no consistent socioeconomic gradients were observed in either treatment or case fatality. CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic gradients in the incidence and prevalence of HF are reducing. Treatment is generally equitable and independent of socioeconomic circumstances. Most important, no significant inequality in outcomes was apparent. Future strategies should continue to address inequalities in the underlying causes of HF and to increase overall treatment levels further.
@article{hawkins_community_2012,
	title = {Community care in {England}: reducing socioeconomic inequalities in heart failure},
	volume = {126},
	issn = {1524-4539},
	shorttitle = {Community care in {England}},
	doi = {10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.088047},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic deprivation is associated with increased heart failure (HF) incidence, hospitalization rates, and mortality. However, whether the delivery of survival-enhancing medical therapy is equitable remains uncertain. We examined secular trends in the uptake of key medical therapies (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, β-blockers, spironolactone) stratified by socioeconomic circumstances in patients with HF. Secondary analyses examined trends in HF incidence, prevalence, and survival.
METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was a cross-sectional observational analysis of nationally representative primary care data from England. Treatments for patients with HF in 1999 and 2007 (n=13 330) were extracted from the General Practice Research Database. Socioeconomic circumstances were defined with the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2007, a weighted composite of 7 area-level deprivation domains. Treatment uptake estimates were age standardized. The incidence and prevalence of HF decreased year to year. Although clear socioeconomic gradients in both the incidence and prevalence of HF were apparent, the absolute difference between most and least deprived reduced over time. Uptake of therapies improved over time in both men and women. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker uptake increased from 46\% to 64\%, β-blocker uptake from 12\% to 41\%, and spironolactone uptake from 3\% to 20\%. Modest age and sex inequalities were apparent. However, no consistent socioeconomic gradients were observed in either treatment or case fatality.
CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic gradients in the incidence and prevalence of HF are reducing. Treatment is generally equitable and independent of socioeconomic circumstances. Most important, no significant inequality in outcomes was apparent. Future strategies should continue to address inequalities in the underlying causes of HF and to increase overall treatment levels further.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Circulation},
	author = {Hawkins, Nathaniel M. and Scholes, Shaun and Bajekal, Madhavi and Love, Hande and O'Flaherty, Martin and Raine, Rosalind and Capewell, Simon},
	month = aug,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {22837162},
	keywords = {Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Cardiovascular Agents, Community Health Services, Drug Utilization, England, Female, Health Status Indicators, Healthcare Disparities, Heart Failure, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists, National Health Programs, Poverty, Prevalence, Socioeconomic Factors, Spironolactone, Survival Rate, incidence},
	pages = {1050--1057}
}
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