@article{Hayford2021a,
abstract = {Some vulnerable population groups at risk for tuberculosis (TB) may have a low n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status. Our research previously showed that adjunct n-3 LCPUFA in TB are beneficial in n-3 PUFA sufficient C3HeB/FeJ mice. Here we investigated the effect of adjunct n-3 LCPUFA supplementation to TB-mice with a low, compared to a sufficient n-3 PUFA status. Mice were conditioned on an n-3 PUFA-deficient (n-3FAD) or n-3 PUFA-sufficient (n-3FAS) diet for six weeks prior to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. At two weeks post-infection, both groups were switched to an n-3 LCPUFA (EPA/DHA) supplemented diet and euthanised at 4- and 14- days post-treatment. Iron and anaemia status, bacterial loads, lung pathology, lung cytokines/chemokines and lung lipid mediators were measured. Haemoglobin (Hb) levels (p = 0.009) and liver iron (p = 0.051) were higher in the n-3FAD group, when compared to the n-3FAS group 14 days after EPA/DHA supplementation. Furthermore, our results show reduced levels of pro-inflammatory lung cytokines; IL-6 (p = 0.011), IL-1$\alpha$ (p = 0.039), MCP1 (p = 0.003), MIP1- $\alpha$ (p = 0.043) and RANTES (p = 0.034), and higher anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 (p = 0.002) and growth factor GMCSF (p = 0.007) in the n-3FAD compared to the n-3FAS TB-mice group after 14 days. These results suggest that supplementing low n-3 PUFA status may lead to improved mitigation of TB-induced anaemia. Furthermore, the low n-3 fatty acid status TB mice supplemented with n-3 LCPUFA showed comparatively improved inflammation – albeit a reduced pro-resolving lipid mediator effects.},
author = {Hayford, Frank E. A. and Dolman, Robin C. and Ozturk, Mumin and Nienaber, Arista and Ricci, Cristian and Loots, Du Toit and Brombacher, Frank and Blaauw, Ren{\'{e}}e and Smuts, Cornelius M. and Parihar, Suraj P. and Malan, Linda},
doi = {10.3389/FNUT.2021.695452},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/01462563/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hayford et al. - 2021 - Adjunct n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid treatment in tuberculosis reduces inflammation and improves an.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2296-861X},
journal = {Frontiers in Nutrition},
keywords = {C3HeB/FeJ TB model,Fatty acid status,Immuno-nutrition,N-3 LCPUFA,OA,Tuberculosis,adjunct therapy,fund{\_}ack,original},
mendeley-tags = {OA,fund{\_}ack,original},
month = {aug},
pages = {695452},
pmid = {34504860},
publisher = {Frontiers},
title = {{Adjunct n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid treatment in tuberculosis reduces inflammation and improves anemia of infection more in C3HeB/FeJ mice with low n-3 fatty acid status than sufficient n-3 fatty acid status}},
volume = {8},
year = {2021}
}

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Mice were conditioned on an n-3 PUFA-deficient (n-3FAD) or n-3 PUFA-sufficient (n-3FAS) diet for six weeks prior to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. At two weeks post-infection, both groups were switched to an n-3 LCPUFA (EPA/DHA) supplemented diet and euthanised at 4- and 14- days post-treatment. Iron and anaemia status, bacterial loads, lung pathology, lung cytokines/chemokines and lung lipid mediators were measured. Haemoglobin (Hb) levels (p = 0.009) and liver iron (p = 0.051) were higher in the n-3FAD group, when compared to the n-3FAS group 14 days after EPA/DHA supplementation. Furthermore, our results show reduced levels of pro-inflammatory lung cytokines; IL-6 (p = 0.011), IL-1$α$ (p = 0.039), MCP1 (p = 0.003), MIP1- $α$ (p = 0.043) and RANTES (p = 0.034), and higher anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 (p = 0.002) and growth factor GMCSF (p = 0.007) in the n-3FAD compared to the n-3FAS TB-mice group after 14 days. These results suggest that supplementing low n-3 PUFA status may lead to improved mitigation of TB-induced anaemia. Furthermore, the low n-3 fatty acid status TB mice supplemented with n-3 LCPUFA showed comparatively improved inflammation – albeit a reduced pro-resolving lipid mediator effects.","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Hayford"],"firstnames":["Frank","E.","A."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Dolman"],"firstnames":["Robin","C."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Ozturk"],"firstnames":["Mumin"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Nienaber"],"firstnames":["Arista"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Ricci"],"firstnames":["Cristian"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Loots"],"firstnames":["Du","Toit"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Brombacher"],"firstnames":["Frank"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Blaauw"],"firstnames":["Renée"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Smuts"],"firstnames":["Cornelius","M."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Parihar"],"firstnames":["Suraj","P."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Malan"],"firstnames":["Linda"],"suffixes":[]}],"doi":"10.3389/FNUT.2021.695452","file":":C$\\$:/Users/01462563/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hayford et al. - 2021 - Adjunct n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid treatment in tuberculosis reduces inflammation and improves an.pdf:pdf","issn":"2296-861X","journal":"Frontiers in Nutrition","keywords":"C3HeB/FeJ TB model,Fatty acid status,Immuno-nutrition,N-3 LCPUFA,OA,Tuberculosis,adjunct therapy,fund_ack,original","mendeley-tags":"OA,fund_ack,original","month":"aug","pages":"695452","pmid":"34504860","publisher":"Frontiers","title":"Adjunct n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid treatment in tuberculosis reduces inflammation and improves anemia of infection more in C3HeB/FeJ mice with low n-3 fatty acid status than sufficient n-3 fatty acid status","volume":"8","year":"2021","bibtex":"@article{Hayford2021a,\r\nabstract = {Some vulnerable population groups at risk for tuberculosis (TB) may have a low n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status. Our research previously showed that adjunct n-3 LCPUFA in TB are beneficial in n-3 PUFA sufficient C3HeB/FeJ mice. Here we investigated the effect of adjunct n-3 LCPUFA supplementation to TB-mice with a low, compared to a sufficient n-3 PUFA status. Mice were conditioned on an n-3 PUFA-deficient (n-3FAD) or n-3 PUFA-sufficient (n-3FAS) diet for six weeks prior to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. At two weeks post-infection, both groups were switched to an n-3 LCPUFA (EPA/DHA) supplemented diet and euthanised at 4- and 14- days post-treatment. Iron and anaemia status, bacterial loads, lung pathology, lung cytokines/chemokines and lung lipid mediators were measured. Haemoglobin (Hb) levels (p = 0.009) and liver iron (p = 0.051) were higher in the n-3FAD group, when compared to the n-3FAS group 14 days after EPA/DHA supplementation. Furthermore, our results show reduced levels of pro-inflammatory lung cytokines; IL-6 (p = 0.011), IL-1$\\alpha$ (p = 0.039), MCP1 (p = 0.003), MIP1- $\\alpha$ (p = 0.043) and RANTES (p = 0.034), and higher anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 (p = 0.002) and growth factor GMCSF (p = 0.007) in the n-3FAD compared to the n-3FAS TB-mice group after 14 days. These results suggest that supplementing low n-3 PUFA status may lead to improved mitigation of TB-induced anaemia. Furthermore, the low n-3 fatty acid status TB mice supplemented with n-3 LCPUFA showed comparatively improved inflammation – albeit a reduced pro-resolving lipid mediator effects.},\r\nauthor = {Hayford, Frank E. A. and Dolman, Robin C. and Ozturk, Mumin and Nienaber, Arista and Ricci, Cristian and Loots, Du Toit and Brombacher, Frank and Blaauw, Ren{\\'{e}}e and Smuts, Cornelius M. and Parihar, Suraj P. and Malan, Linda},\r\ndoi = {10.3389/FNUT.2021.695452},\r\nfile = {:C$\\backslash$:/Users/01462563/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hayford et al. - 2021 - Adjunct n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid treatment in tuberculosis reduces inflammation and improves an.pdf:pdf},\r\nissn = {2296-861X},\r\njournal = {Frontiers in Nutrition},\r\nkeywords = {C3HeB/FeJ TB model,Fatty acid status,Immuno-nutrition,N-3 LCPUFA,OA,Tuberculosis,adjunct therapy,fund{\\_}ack,original},\r\nmendeley-tags = {OA,fund{\\_}ack,original},\r\nmonth = {aug},\r\npages = {695452},\r\npmid = {34504860},\r\npublisher = {Frontiers},\r\ntitle = {{Adjunct n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid treatment in tuberculosis reduces inflammation and improves anemia of infection more in C3HeB/FeJ mice with low n-3 fatty acid status than sufficient n-3 fatty acid status}},\r\nvolume = {8},\r\nyear = {2021}\r\n}\r\n","author_short":["Hayford, F. 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