@article{heatherton_development_1991,
	title = {Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {1939-1315(Electronic),0022-3514(Print)},
	doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.895},
	abstract = {This article examines the measurement of short-lived (i.e., state) changes in self-esteem. A new scale is introduced that is sensitive to manipulations designed to temporarily alter self-esteem, and 5 studies are presented that support the scale's validity. The State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES) consists of 20 items modified from the widely used Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy Scale (I. L. Janis and P. B. Field, 1959). Psychometric analyses revealed that the SSES has 3 correlated factors: performance, social, and appearance self-esteem. Effects of naturally occurring and laboratory failure and of clinical treatment on SSES scores were examined; it was concluded that the SSES is sensitive to these sorts of manipulations. The scale has many potential uses, which include serving as a valid manipulation check index, measuring clinical change in self-esteem, and untangling the confounded relation between mood and self-esteem. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
	author = {Heatherton, Todd F. and Polivy, Janet},
	year = {1991},
	keywords = {Attitude Change, Rating Scales, Self-Esteem, Test Construction, Test Validity},
	pages = {895--910},
}

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