@article{
 title = {Introduction to Experimental Lakes and Natural Processes: 25 Years of Observing Natural Ecosystems at the Experimental Lakes Area},
 type = {article},
 year = {1994},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 pages = {2721-2722},
 volume = {51},
 id = {bc20cb0d-f516-3d27-a4f0-780b605251dc},
 created = {2019-07-12T15:07:57.356Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {3c181434-ae75-3e95-a723-2bfcc2f14c0b},
 group_id = {db3318bf-b2fb-3b86-9f1d-17188c0ddfa3},
 last_modified = {2019-07-31T16:00:09.700Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Hecky2008a},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {T he Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) in northwestern Ontario was created to allow whole-lake manipulations to be added to the suite of research methods used to understand how pollutants can affect lake ecosystems (Johnson and Vallentyne 1971). The more than 558 publi-cations attributable to the ELA are dominated by papers explaining and interpreting those whole-lake experiments. Most of those papers refer to observations in natural sys-tems as the standard against which an experimental effect is assessed. The ELA was not created to produce long-term and comparative studies of lakes and their watershed inputs, but it has, of necessity, done so in the course of its 25-yr history of experimentation. Experimental Lakes Area researchers have not been the only source of perturbations. Significant natural impacts have been imposed on the ELA by windstorms and forest fires, which nearly devastated the facility in 1974 and 1980 (Bayley et al. 1992a, 199%b), and by climatic variation, in particular the warn, dry 1980s (Schindler et al. 1998). Ongo-ing ELA programs that were using unperturbed systems as references enabled monitoring and interpretation of the effects of these natural disturbances long before the Long-Tern Ecological Research (LTEW) program (Callahan 1984) was funded. The value of the ELA long-term records on natural systems has now been recognized by the recent Department of Environment designation of the ELA as an Ecosystem Science Centre. The ELA program itself has also recognized the importance of long-term records by creat-ing a central electronic database to archive 25 yr of infor-mation and make it accessible to the research community. The following seven papers are concerned with natural variability; they are indicative of how studies on natural systems have contributed to the success of the ELA program. These papers make up the second of three groups of contribu-tions that celebrate the 25th anniversary of the ELA. The first set appeared in the October 1994 issue of the Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (Vol. 51). The third set, dealing with contaminants, will be published in 1995. Variability in natural aquatic systems is observed over a range s f temporal and spatial scales (e.g., Wesh and Rosenberg 1989). Daily oscillations in radiant energy create constant physiological and behavioural flux in biological populations. In addition, seasonal changes in insolation impose temperature and stratification cycles on lakes that further shape lake community structures and dynamics. Aquatic organisms from bacteria to fish respond to these energy fluxes at different time scales, based on their own life-history characteristics. Periodic alterations in energy fluxes and population responses can seem predictable in a lake studied over a few years, but longer term studies often reveal complex adjustments in internal processes. Long-term studies can also capture unusual and catastrophic events that can disrupt the illusion of regularity and predictability. Over the very long term, such events probably will not seem that unusual (e.g., the vegetative composition of boreal forests is dictated by an infrequent and irregular cycle of fire). Spatially, observations made in a single Bake may or may not be broadly applicable across a region. Each lake has an unique set of morphometric and watershed characteristics that are overlain on broad regional variations in hydrology, vegetation, soils, and surficial geology. Limnologists, most notably D.S. Rawson in Canada, have long recognized this complex interplay of climate, morphometry, and geology in determining the character of lakes and their fisheries, but systematic research on this complexity is difficult to do. Studies of the landscape ecology of lakes have an impor-tant future, and will surely accelerate as methods for remote observation and geographic information systems are wedded with more traditional watershed and lake studies. Recent ELA contributions to this evolving field of research are multiyear studies of the effect of spatial scale on lake processes (Fee and Hecky 1992; Fee et al. 1992), and the importance of hydraulic flushing, morphometry, and water-shed characteristics in defining some critical properties of lakes (Campbell 1993; McCaallough and Campbell 1993). The papers in this series can be arbitrarily divided into those that primarily treat spatial aspects of variability (et al. 1994; Fee et al. 1994; Guildford et al. 1994) and those tkat primarily deal with temporal variability (Beaty 1994; Schindler et al. 1994; Campbell 1984; Findlay et al. 1994). However, in reality, it is difficult to separate spatial and temporal variability. All the papers involve many years of data and all, except for Beaty (1994), refer to more than one system. Experimental disruptions often elucidate processes that cannot be easily appreciated or studied in the natural state, which is why whole-system experiments almost always pro-vide some unexpected results; such surprises lead to new insights and understanding. Turner et al. (1994) began with an anornolous result from a whole-lake nutrient enrichment experiment in which phytoplankton productivity was dra-matically increased whereas phytobenthic productivity was unchanged. Using a combination of comparative and exper-imental research, Turner et al. (1994) conclude that there is carbon limitation of benthic algal photosynthesis in nat-ural, soft-water lakes. Fee et al. (1994) use a classical com-parative approach to demonstrate tkat photosynthesis in small lakes is more dependent on external nutrient loading thaw in large lakes, and conclude that this difference arises from more efficient nutrient regeneration in large systems. Guildford et al. (1994) demonstrate directly that small-lake planktonic communities are more nutrient deficient than similar communities in large systems, and also conclude},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Hecky, R. E. and Campbell, P. and Rosenberg, D. M.},
 journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
 number = {12},
 keywords = {ELA,LONGTERM DATA}
}

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The more than 558 publi-cations attributable to the ELA are dominated by papers explaining and interpreting those whole-lake experiments. Most of those papers refer to observations in natural sys-tems as the standard against which an experimental effect is assessed. The ELA was not created to produce long-term and comparative studies of lakes and their watershed inputs, but it has, of necessity, done so in the course of its 25-yr history of experimentation. Experimental Lakes Area researchers have not been the only source of perturbations. Significant natural impacts have been imposed on the ELA by windstorms and forest fires, which nearly devastated the facility in 1974 and 1980 (Bayley et al. 1992a, 199%b), and by climatic variation, in particular the warn, dry 1980s (Schindler et al. 1998). Ongo-ing ELA programs that were using unperturbed systems as references enabled monitoring and interpretation of the effects of these natural disturbances long before the Long-Tern Ecological Research (LTEW) program (Callahan 1984) was funded. The value of the ELA long-term records on natural systems has now been recognized by the recent Department of Environment designation of the ELA as an Ecosystem Science Centre. The ELA program itself has also recognized the importance of long-term records by creat-ing a central electronic database to archive 25 yr of infor-mation and make it accessible to the research community. The following seven papers are concerned with natural variability; they are indicative of how studies on natural systems have contributed to the success of the ELA program. These papers make up the second of three groups of contribu-tions that celebrate the 25th anniversary of the ELA. The first set appeared in the October 1994 issue of the Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (Vol. 51). The third set, dealing with contaminants, will be published in 1995. Variability in natural aquatic systems is observed over a range s f temporal and spatial scales (e.g., Wesh and Rosenberg 1989). Daily oscillations in radiant energy create constant physiological and behavioural flux in biological populations. In addition, seasonal changes in insolation impose temperature and stratification cycles on lakes that further shape lake community structures and dynamics. Aquatic organisms from bacteria to fish respond to these energy fluxes at different time scales, based on their own life-history characteristics. Periodic alterations in energy fluxes and population responses can seem predictable in a lake studied over a few years, but longer term studies often reveal complex adjustments in internal processes. Long-term studies can also capture unusual and catastrophic events that can disrupt the illusion of regularity and predictability. Over the very long term, such events probably will not seem that unusual (e.g., the vegetative composition of boreal forests is dictated by an infrequent and irregular cycle of fire). Spatially, observations made in a single Bake may or may not be broadly applicable across a region. Each lake has an unique set of morphometric and watershed characteristics that are overlain on broad regional variations in hydrology, vegetation, soils, and surficial geology. Limnologists, most notably D.S. Rawson in Canada, have long recognized this complex interplay of climate, morphometry, and geology in determining the character of lakes and their fisheries, but systematic research on this complexity is difficult to do. Studies of the landscape ecology of lakes have an impor-tant future, and will surely accelerate as methods for remote observation and geographic information systems are wedded with more traditional watershed and lake studies. Recent ELA contributions to this evolving field of research are multiyear studies of the effect of spatial scale on lake processes (Fee and Hecky 1992; Fee et al. 1992), and the importance of hydraulic flushing, morphometry, and water-shed characteristics in defining some critical properties of lakes (Campbell 1993; McCaallough and Campbell 1993). The papers in this series can be arbitrarily divided into those that primarily treat spatial aspects of variability (et al. 1994; Fee et al. 1994; Guildford et al. 1994) and those tkat primarily deal with temporal variability (Beaty 1994; Schindler et al. 1994; Campbell 1984; Findlay et al. 1994). However, in reality, it is difficult to separate spatial and temporal variability. All the papers involve many years of data and all, except for Beaty (1994), refer to more than one system. Experimental disruptions often elucidate processes that cannot be easily appreciated or studied in the natural state, which is why whole-system experiments almost always pro-vide some unexpected results; such surprises lead to new insights and understanding. Turner et al. (1994) began with an anornolous result from a whole-lake nutrient enrichment experiment in which phytoplankton productivity was dra-matically increased whereas phytobenthic productivity was unchanged. Using a combination of comparative and exper-imental research, Turner et al. (1994) conclude that there is carbon limitation of benthic algal photosynthesis in nat-ural, soft-water lakes. Fee et al. 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The more than 558 publi-cations attributable to the ELA are dominated by papers explaining and interpreting those whole-lake experiments. Most of those papers refer to observations in natural sys-tems as the standard against which an experimental effect is assessed. The ELA was not created to produce long-term and comparative studies of lakes and their watershed inputs, but it has, of necessity, done so in the course of its 25-yr history of experimentation. Experimental Lakes Area researchers have not been the only source of perturbations. Significant natural impacts have been imposed on the ELA by windstorms and forest fires, which nearly devastated the facility in 1974 and 1980 (Bayley et al. 1992a, 199%b), and by climatic variation, in particular the warn, dry 1980s (Schindler et al. 1998). Ongo-ing ELA programs that were using unperturbed systems as references enabled monitoring and interpretation of the effects of these natural disturbances long before the Long-Tern Ecological Research (LTEW) program (Callahan 1984) was funded. The value of the ELA long-term records on natural systems has now been recognized by the recent Department of Environment designation of the ELA as an Ecosystem Science Centre. The ELA program itself has also recognized the importance of long-term records by creat-ing a central electronic database to archive 25 yr of infor-mation and make it accessible to the research community. The following seven papers are concerned with natural variability; they are indicative of how studies on natural systems have contributed to the success of the ELA program. These papers make up the second of three groups of contribu-tions that celebrate the 25th anniversary of the ELA. The first set appeared in the October 1994 issue of the Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (Vol. 51). The third set, dealing with contaminants, will be published in 1995. Variability in natural aquatic systems is observed over a range s f temporal and spatial scales (e.g., Wesh and Rosenberg 1989). Daily oscillations in radiant energy create constant physiological and behavioural flux in biological populations. In addition, seasonal changes in insolation impose temperature and stratification cycles on lakes that further shape lake community structures and dynamics. Aquatic organisms from bacteria to fish respond to these energy fluxes at different time scales, based on their own life-history characteristics. Periodic alterations in energy fluxes and population responses can seem predictable in a lake studied over a few years, but longer term studies often reveal complex adjustments in internal processes. Long-term studies can also capture unusual and catastrophic events that can disrupt the illusion of regularity and predictability. Over the very long term, such events probably will not seem that unusual (e.g., the vegetative composition of boreal forests is dictated by an infrequent and irregular cycle of fire). Spatially, observations made in a single Bake may or may not be broadly applicable across a region. Each lake has an unique set of morphometric and watershed characteristics that are overlain on broad regional variations in hydrology, vegetation, soils, and surficial geology. Limnologists, most notably D.S. Rawson in Canada, have long recognized this complex interplay of climate, morphometry, and geology in determining the character of lakes and their fisheries, but systematic research on this complexity is difficult to do. Studies of the landscape ecology of lakes have an impor-tant future, and will surely accelerate as methods for remote observation and geographic information systems are wedded with more traditional watershed and lake studies. Recent ELA contributions to this evolving field of research are multiyear studies of the effect of spatial scale on lake processes (Fee and Hecky 1992; Fee et al. 1992), and the importance of hydraulic flushing, morphometry, and water-shed characteristics in defining some critical properties of lakes (Campbell 1993; McCaallough and Campbell 1993). The papers in this series can be arbitrarily divided into those that primarily treat spatial aspects of variability (et al. 1994; Fee et al. 1994; Guildford et al. 1994) and those tkat primarily deal with temporal variability (Beaty 1994; Schindler et al. 1994; Campbell 1984; Findlay et al. 1994). However, in reality, it is difficult to separate spatial and temporal variability. 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