Causal Inference: What If. Hernan, M. A. & Robins, J. M. CRC Press, Boca Raton, December, 2025.
abstract   bibtex   
Causal inference is a complex scientific task that relies on evidence from multiple sources and a variety of methodological approaches. By providing a cohesive presentation of concepts and methods that are currently scattered across journals in several disciplines, Causal Inference: What If provides an introduction to causal inference for scientists who design studies and analyze data. The book is divided into three parts of increasing difficulty: causal inference without models, causal inference with models, and causal inference from complex longitudinal data. FEATURES: • Emphasizes taking the causal question seriously enough to articulate it with sufficient precision • Shows that causal inference from observational data relies on subject-matter knowledge and therefore cannot be reduced to a collection of recipes for data analysis • Describes causal diagrams, both directed acyclic graphs and single-world intervention graphs • Explains various data analysis approaches to estimate causal effects from individual-level data, including the g-formula, inverse probability weighting, g-estimation, instrumental variable estimation, outcome regression, and propensity score adjustment • Includes software and real data examples, as well as ‘Fine Points’ and ‘Technical Points’ throughout to elaborate on certain key topics Causal Inference: What If has been written for all scientists that make causal inferences, including epidemiologists, statisticians, psychologists, economists, sociologists, political scientists, computer scientists, and more. The book is substantially class-tested, as it has been used in dozens of universities to teach courses on causal inference at graduate and advanced undergraduate level.
@book{hernan_causal_2025,
	address = {Boca Raton},
	title = {Causal {Inference}: {What} {If}},
	isbn = {978-1-315-37493-2},
	shorttitle = {Causal {Inference}},
	abstract = {Causal inference is a complex scientific task that relies on evidence from multiple sources and a variety of 
methodological approaches. By providing a cohesive presentation of concepts and methods that are currently 
scattered across journals in several disciplines, Causal Inference: What If provides an introduction to causal 
inference for scientists who design studies and analyze data. The book is divided into three parts of increasing 
difficulty: causal inference without models, causal inference with models, and causal inference from complex 
longitudinal data.
FEATURES:
• Emphasizes taking the causal question seriously enough to articulate it with sufficient precision 
• Shows that causal inference from observational data relies on subject-matter knowledge and therefore 
cannot be reduced to a collection of recipes for data analysis
• Describes causal diagrams, both directed acyclic graphs and single-world intervention graphs 
• Explains various data analysis approaches to estimate causal effects from individual-level data, including 
the g-formula, inverse probability weighting, g-estimation, instrumental variable estimation, outcome 
regression, and propensity score adjustment
• Includes software and real data examples, as well as ‘Fine Points’ and ‘Technical Points’ throughout to 
elaborate on certain key topics
Causal Inference: What If has been written for all scientists that make causal inferences, including epidemiologists, 
statisticians, psychologists, economists, sociologists, political scientists, computer scientists, and more. The book is substantially class-tested, 
as it has been used in dozens of universities to teach courses on causal inference at graduate and advanced undergraduate level.},
	publisher = {CRC Press},
	author = {Hernan, Miguel A. and Robins, James M.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2025},
}

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