@article{hoffman_functional_1992,
	title = {Functional dioecy in {Echinocereus} coccineus ({Cactaceae}):  {Breeeding} system, sex ratios, and geographic range of floral dimorphism},
	volume = {79},
	abstract = {The breeding system of the hedgehog cactus, \textit{Echinocereus coccineus} Engelm. (Cactaceae), was studied at two sites in the northern Chihuahuan Desert, New Mexico.  Two distinct flower types, restricted to separate plants, were observed.  One was hermaphroditic and the other male-sterile.  Hand-pollinations and field observations showed them to be functionally male and functionally female, respectively.  There were significant quantitative intersexual differences in floral morphology.  the main pollinators of the populations studied are probably two species of halictid bee.  Sex ratios based on the number of plants and flowers at the two sites did not differ significantly from 1:1.  Significant differences in fruit set existed between functional female plants from the two sites.  The floral dimorphism described here appears confined to eastern and northwestern populations, at the periphery of the range of \textit{E}. \textit{coccineus}.  Floral dimorphism was not observed in three closely related species.},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	author = {Hoffman, M. Timm},
	year = {1992},
	keywords = {JRN, reproduction, cactaceae}
}

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