An overview of piping models. Hoffmans, G., Cheng, L., Draper, S., & An, H. In Scour and Erosion: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Scour and Erosion, Perth, Australia, 2-4 December 2014, pages 3, 2014. CRC Press.
An overview of piping models [link]Paper  bibtex   
@inproceedings{hoffmans_overview_2014,
	title = {An overview of piping models},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=lVDvBQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=%22the+soil+layer+is%22+%22The+seepage+length+(L),+the+permeability+(or%22+%22(H1+%E2%80%93+H2+)+and+hence+the+flow+velocities+in%22+%22fine+silt+or%22+%221/3+for+the+horizontal+creep,+as+against+1.0+for%22+&ots=5hHfBsEgE3&sig=e2bM50c_3oyRm_Vn5-bvon4DCOQ},
	urldate = {2017-01-07TZ},
	booktitle = {Scour and {Erosion}: {Proceedings} of the 7th {International} {Conference} on {Scour} and {Erosion}, {Perth}, {Australia}, 2-4 {December} 2014},
	publisher = {CRC Press},
	author = {Hoffmans, GJCM and Cheng, L. and Draper, S. and An, H.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {3}
}

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