@article{hofgaard_role_1999,
	title = {The {Role} of "{Natural}" {Landscapes} {Influenced} by {Man} in {Predicting} {Responses} to {Climate} {Change}},
	volume = {47},
	copyright = {Copyright © 1999 Oikos Editorial Office},
	issn = {0346-6868},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/20113238},
	abstract = {Large and small scale changes of the world's ecosystems are continuously occurring as responses to global change. In the northern boreal ecosystems this process has caused both species appearance and disappearance throughout the Holocene. However, the main effects have been structural changes, including altered distribution limits of species and shifts in species dominance. This paper focuses on natural and anthropogenic structural changes in the forest-tundra ecotone, mainly from a vegetation point of view. Specific examples are given from the Abisko area in northern Sweden, which has a long history of human impact. Land use changes during last centuries have caused large structural changes within the birch and pine forests, within the forest-tundra ecotone, and in tundra areas. These changes have impacted patterns of animal occurrence, site frequentation by animals, foraging behaviour, and on how animals influence the vegetation. The dynamic nature of structural changes and delayed responses are discussed in relation to different episodic and chronic disturbances. Time spans needed to recreate a structure comparable to the structure prior to a disturbance can not be known and can not be compared between different periods in time, as every time period is unique. Nevertheless, such time spans have to be taken into account when discussing management issues and future responses of the ecosystems.},
	urldate = {2015-10-04},
	journal = {Ecological Bulletins},
	author = {Hofgaard, Annika},
	month = jan,
	year = {1999},
	keywords = {\#nosource, ⛔ No DOI found},
	pages = {160--167},
}

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