Adaptive control of mechanical impedance by coactivation of antagonist muscles. Hogan, N. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 29(8):681–690, August, 1984.
doi  abstract   bibtex   
This paper examines the postulate that an important function of the activity of antagonist muscle groups is to modulate mechanical impedance. Some biomechanical modeling and analyses are presented leading to a prediction of simultaneous activation of antagonist muscles in the maintenance of upright posture of the forearm and hand. An experimental observation of antagonist coactivation in this situation is presented.
@article{hogan_adaptive_1984,
	title = {Adaptive control of mechanical impedance by coactivation of antagonist muscles},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0018-9286},
	doi = {10.1109/TAC.1984.1103644},
	abstract = {This paper examines the postulate that an important function of the activity of antagonist muscle groups is to modulate mechanical impedance. Some biomechanical modeling and analyses are presented leading to a prediction of simultaneous activation of antagonist muscles in the maintenance of upright posture of the forearm and hand. An experimental observation of antagonist coactivation in this situation is presented.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control},
	author = {Hogan, N.},
	month = aug,
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {Adaptive control, Biological control systems, Control systems, Elbow, Force control, Force feedback, Humans, Impedance, Limbs, Mechanical variables control, Muscles, Nervous system, Neuromuscular, Viscosity},
	pages = {681--690}
}

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