@article{RN288,
   author = {Hui, S. C. N. and Mikkelsen, M. and Zollner, H. J. and Ahluwalia, V. and Alcauter, S. and Baltusis, L. and Barany, D. A. and Barlow, L. R. and Becker, R. and Berman, J. I. and Berrington, A. and Bhattacharyya, P. K. and Blicher, J. U. and Bogner, W. and Brown, M. S. and Calhoun, V. D. and Castillo, R. and Cecil, K. M. and Choi, Y. B. and Chu, W. C. W. and Clarke, W. T. and Craven, A. R. and Cuypers, K. and Dacko, M. and de la Fuente-Sandoval, C. and Desmond, P. and Domagalik, A. and Dumont, J. and Duncan, N. W. and Dydak, U. and Dyke, K. and Edmondson, D. A. and Ende, G. and Ersland, L. and Evans, C. J. and Fermin, A. S. R. and Ferretti, A. and Fillmer, A. and Gong, T. and Greenhouse, I. and Grist, J. T. and Gu, M. and Harris, A. D. and Hat, K. and Heba, S. and Heckova, E. and Hegarty, J. P., 2nd and Heise, K. F. and Jacobson, A. and Jansen, J. F. A. and Jenkins, C. W. and Johnston, S. J. and Juchem, C. and Kangarlu, A. and Kerr, A. B. and Landheer, K. and Lange, T. and Lee, P. and Levendovszky, S. R. and Limperopoulos, C. and Liu, F. and Lloyd, W. and Lythgoe, D. J. and Machizawa, M. G. and MacMillan, E. L. and Maddock, R. J. and Manzhurtsev, A. V. and Martinez-Gudino, M. L. and Miller, J. J. and Mirzakhanian, H. and Moreno-Ortega, M. and Mullins, P. G. and Near, J. and Noeske, R. and Nordhoy, W. and Oeltzschner, G. and Osorio-Duran, R. and Otaduy, M. C. G. and Pasaye, E. H. and Peeters, R. and Peltier, S. J. and Pilatus, U. and Polomac, N. and Porges, E. C. and Pradhan, S. and Prisciandaro, J. J. and Puts, N. A. and Rae, C. D. and Reyes-Madrigal, F. and Roberts, T. P. L. and Robertson, C. E. and Rosenberg, J. T. and Rotaru, D. G. and O'Gorman Tuura, R. L. and Saleh, M. G. and Sandberg, K. and Sangill, R. and Schembri, K. and Schrantee, A. and Semenova, N. A. and others },
   title = {Frequency drift in MR spectroscopy at 3T},
   journal = {Neuroimage},
   volume = {241},
   pages = {118430},
   note = {Hui, Steve C N
Mikkelsen, Mark
Zollner, Helge J
Ahluwalia, Vishwadeep
Alcauter, Sarael
Baltusis, Laima
Barany, Deborah A
Barlow, Laura R
Becker, Robert
Berman, Jeffrey I
Berrington, Adam
Bhattacharyya, Pallab K
Blicher, Jakob Udby
Bogner, Wolfgang
Brown, Mark S
Calhoun, Vince D
Castillo, Ryan
Cecil, Kim M
Choi, Yeo Bi
Chu, Winnie C W
Clarke, William T
Craven, Alexander R
Cuypers, Koen
Dacko, Michael
de la Fuente-Sandoval, Camilo
Desmond, Patricia
Domagalik, Aleksandra
Dumont, Julien
Duncan, Niall W
Dydak, Ulrike
Dyke, Katherine
Edmondson, David A
Ende, Gabriele
Ersland, Lars
Evans, C John
Fermin, Alan S R
Ferretti, Antonio
Fillmer, Ariane
Gong, Tao
Greenhouse, Ian
Grist, James T
Gu, Meng
Harris, Ashley D
Hat, Katarzyna
Heba, Stefanie
Heckova, Eva
Hegarty, John P 2nd
Heise, Kirstin-Friederike
Jacobson, Aaron
Jansen, Jacobus F A
Jenkins, Christopher W
Johnston, Stephen J
Juchem, Christoph
Kangarlu, Alayar
Kerr, Adam B
Landheer, Karl
Lange, Thomas
Lee, Phil
Levendovszky, Swati Rane
Limperopoulos, Catherine
Liu, Feng
Lloyd, William
Lythgoe, David J
Machizawa, Maro G
MacMillan, Erin L
Maddock, Richard J
Manzhurtsev, Andrei V
Martinez-Gudino, Maria L
Miller, Jack J
Mirzakhanian, Heline
Moreno-Ortega, Marta
Mullins, Paul G
Near, Jamie
Noeske, Ralph
Nordhoy, Wibeke
Oeltzschner, Georg
Osorio-Duran, Raul
Otaduy, Maria C G
Pasaye, Erick H
Peeters, Ronald
Peltier, Scott J
Pilatus, Ulrich
Polomac, Nenad
Porges, Eric C
Pradhan, Subechhya
Prisciandaro, James Joseph
Puts, Nicolaas A
Rae, Caroline D
Reyes-Madrigal, Francisco
Roberts, Timothy P L
Robertson, Caroline E
Rosenberg, Jens T
Rotaru, Diana-Georgiana
O'Gorman Tuura, Ruth L
Saleh, Muhammad G
Sandberg, Kristian
Sangill, Ryan
Schembri, Keith
Schrantee, Anouk
Semenova, Natalia A
Singel, Debra
Sitnikov, Rouslan
Smith, Jolinda
Song, Yulu
Stark, Craig
Stoffers, Diederick
Swinnen, Stephan P
Tain, Rongwen
Tanase, Costin
Tapper, Sofie
Tegenthoff, Martin
Thiel, Thomas
Thioux, Marc
Truong, Peter
van Dijk, Pim
Vella, Nolan
Vidyasagar, Rishma
Vovk, Andrej
Wang, Guangbin
Westlye, Lars T
Wilbur, Timothy K
Willoughby, William R
Wilson, Martin
Wittsack, Hans-Jorg
Woods, Adam J
Wu, Yen-Chien
Xu, Junqian
Lopez, Maria Yanez
Yeung, David K W
Zhao, Qun
Zhou, Xiaopeng
Zupan, Gasper
Edden, Richard A E
Nakajima, Shinichiro Luke
Honda, Shiori
eng
Neuroimage. 2021 Jul 24;241:118430. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118430.},
   abstract = {PURPOSE: Heating of gradient coils and passive shim components is a common cause of instability in the B0 field, especially when gradient intensive sequences are used. The aim of the study was to set a benchmark for typical drift encountered during MR spectroscopy (MRS) to assess the need for real-time field-frequency locking on MRI scanners by comparing field drift data from a large number of sites. METHOD: A standardized protocol was developed for 80 participating sites using 99 3T MR scanners from 3 major vendors. Phantom water signals were acquired before and after an EPI sequence. The protocol consisted of: minimal preparatory imaging; a short pre-fMRI PRESS; a ten-minute fMRI acquisition; and a long post-fMRI PRESS acquisition. Both pre- and post-fMRI PRESS were non-water suppressed. Real-time frequency stabilization/adjustment was switched off when appropriate. Sixty scanners repeated the protocol for a second dataset. In addition, a three-hour post-fMRI MRS acquisition was performed at one site to observe change of gradient temperature and drift rate. Spectral analysis was performed using MATLAB. Frequency drift in pre-fMRI PRESS data were compared with the first 5:20 minutes and the full 30:00 minutes of data after fMRI. Median (interquartile range) drifts were measured and showed in violin plot. Paired t-tests were performed to compare frequency drift pre- and post-fMRI. A simulated in vivo spectrum was generated using FID-A to visualize the effect of the observed frequency drifts. The simulated spectrum was convolved with the frequency trace for the most extreme cases. Impacts of frequency drifts on NAA and GABA were also simulated as a function of linear drift. Data from the repeated protocol were compared with the corresponding first dataset using Pearson's and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). RESULTS: Of the data collected from 99 scanners, 4 were excluded due to various reasons. Thus, data from 95 scanners were ultimately analyzed. For the first 5:20 min (64 transients), median (interquartile range) drift was 0.44 (1.29) Hz before fMRI and 0.83 (1.29) Hz after. This increased to 3.15 (4.02) Hz for the full 30 min (360 transients) run. Average drift rates were 0.29 Hz/min before fMRI and 0.43 Hz/min after. Paired t-tests indicated that drift increased after fMRI, as expected (p < 0.05). Simulated spectra convolved with the frequency drift showed that the intensity of the NAA singlet was reduced by up to 26%, 44 % and 18% for GE, Philips and Siemens scanners after fMRI, respectively. ICCs indicated good agreement between datasets acquired on separate days. The single site long acquisition showed drift rate was reduced to 0.03 Hz/min approximately three hours after fMRI. DISCUSSION: This study analyzed frequency drift data from 95 3T MRI scanners. Median levels of drift were relatively low (5-min average under 1 Hz), but the most extreme cases suffered from higher levels of drift. The extent of drift varied across scanners which both linear and nonlinear drifts were observed.},
   keywords = {3t
Frequency drift
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
Multi-site
Multi-vendor
Press
support of a Novo Nordisk Research Fellowship run in conjunction with the
University of Oxford. Francisco Reyes-Madrigal has served as a speaker for
Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) and AstraZeneca. Marc Thioux and Pim van Dijk were
supported by The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development
(ZonMW) and the Dorhout Mees Foundation. All other authors have no conflict of
interest to declare.},
   ISSN = {1095-9572 (Electronic)
1053-8119 (Linking)},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118430},
   url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34314848},
   year = {2021},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

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drift in MR spectroscopy at 3T","journal":"Neuroimage","volume":"241","pages":"118430","note":"Hui, Steve C N Mikkelsen, Mark Zollner, Helge J Ahluwalia, Vishwadeep Alcauter, Sarael Baltusis, Laima Barany, Deborah A Barlow, Laura R Becker, Robert Berman, Jeffrey I Berrington, Adam Bhattacharyya, Pallab K Blicher, Jakob Udby Bogner, Wolfgang Brown, Mark S Calhoun, Vince D Castillo, Ryan Cecil, Kim M Choi, Yeo Bi Chu, Winnie C W Clarke, William T Craven, Alexander R Cuypers, Koen Dacko, Michael de la Fuente-Sandoval, Camilo Desmond, Patricia Domagalik, Aleksandra Dumont, Julien Duncan, Niall W Dydak, Ulrike Dyke, Katherine Edmondson, David A Ende, Gabriele Ersland, Lars Evans, C John Fermin, Alan S R Ferretti, Antonio Fillmer, Ariane Gong, Tao Greenhouse, Ian Grist, James T Gu, Meng Harris, Ashley D Hat, Katarzyna Heba, Stefanie Heckova, Eva Hegarty, John P 2nd Heise, Kirstin-Friederike Jacobson, Aaron Jansen, Jacobus F A Jenkins, Christopher W Johnston, Stephen J Juchem, Christoph Kangarlu, Alayar Kerr, Adam B Landheer, Karl Lange, Thomas Lee, Phil Levendovszky, Swati Rane Limperopoulos, Catherine Liu, Feng Lloyd, William Lythgoe, David J Machizawa, Maro G MacMillan, Erin L Maddock, Richard J Manzhurtsev, Andrei V Martinez-Gudino, Maria L Miller, Jack J Mirzakhanian, Heline Moreno-Ortega, Marta Mullins, Paul G Near, Jamie Noeske, Ralph Nordhoy, Wibeke Oeltzschner, Georg Osorio-Duran, Raul Otaduy, Maria C G Pasaye, Erick H Peeters, Ronald Peltier, Scott J Pilatus, Ulrich Polomac, Nenad Porges, Eric C Pradhan, Subechhya Prisciandaro, James Joseph Puts, Nicolaas A Rae, Caroline D Reyes-Madrigal, Francisco Roberts, Timothy P L Robertson, Caroline E Rosenberg, Jens T Rotaru, Diana-Georgiana O'Gorman Tuura, Ruth L Saleh, Muhammad G Sandberg, Kristian Sangill, Ryan Schembri, Keith Schrantee, Anouk Semenova, Natalia A Singel, Debra Sitnikov, Rouslan Smith, Jolinda Song, Yulu Stark, Craig Stoffers, Diederick Swinnen, Stephan P Tain, Rongwen Tanase, Costin Tapper, Sofie Tegenthoff, Martin Thiel, Thomas Thioux, Marc Truong, Peter van Dijk, Pim Vella, Nolan Vidyasagar, Rishma Vovk, Andrej Wang, Guangbin Westlye, Lars T Wilbur, Timothy K Willoughby, William R Wilson, Martin Wittsack, Hans-Jorg Woods, Adam J Wu, Yen-Chien Xu, Junqian Lopez, Maria Yanez Yeung, David K W Zhao, Qun Zhou, Xiaopeng Zupan, Gasper Edden, Richard A E Nakajima, Shinichiro Luke Honda, Shiori eng Neuroimage. 2021 Jul 24;241:118430. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118430.","abstract":"PURPOSE: Heating of gradient coils and passive shim components is a common cause of instability in the B0 field, especially when gradient intensive sequences are used. The aim of the study was to set a benchmark for typical drift encountered during MR spectroscopy (MRS) to assess the need for real-time field-frequency locking on MRI scanners by comparing field drift data from a large number of sites. METHOD: A standardized protocol was developed for 80 participating sites using 99 3T MR scanners from 3 major vendors. Phantom water signals were acquired before and after an EPI sequence. The protocol consisted of: minimal preparatory imaging; a short pre-fMRI PRESS; a ten-minute fMRI acquisition; and a long post-fMRI PRESS acquisition. Both pre- and post-fMRI PRESS were non-water suppressed. Real-time frequency stabilization/adjustment was switched off when appropriate. Sixty scanners repeated the protocol for a second dataset. In addition, a three-hour post-fMRI MRS acquisition was performed at one site to observe change of gradient temperature and drift rate. Spectral analysis was performed using MATLAB. Frequency drift in pre-fMRI PRESS data were compared with the first 5:20 minutes and the full 30:00 minutes of data after fMRI. Median (interquartile range) drifts were measured and showed in violin plot. Paired t-tests were performed to compare frequency drift pre- and post-fMRI. A simulated in vivo spectrum was generated using FID-A to visualize the effect of the observed frequency drifts. The simulated spectrum was convolved with the frequency trace for the most extreme cases. Impacts of frequency drifts on NAA and GABA were also simulated as a function of linear drift. Data from the repeated protocol were compared with the corresponding first dataset using Pearson's and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). RESULTS: Of the data collected from 99 scanners, 4 were excluded due to various reasons. Thus, data from 95 scanners were ultimately analyzed. For the first 5:20 min (64 transients), median (interquartile range) drift was 0.44 (1.29) Hz before fMRI and 0.83 (1.29) Hz after. This increased to 3.15 (4.02) Hz for the full 30 min (360 transients) run. Average drift rates were 0.29 Hz/min before fMRI and 0.43 Hz/min after. Paired t-tests indicated that drift increased after fMRI, as expected (p < 0.05). Simulated spectra convolved with the frequency drift showed that the intensity of the NAA singlet was reduced by up to 26%, 44 % and 18% for GE, Philips and Siemens scanners after fMRI, respectively. ICCs indicated good agreement between datasets acquired on separate days. The single site long acquisition showed drift rate was reduced to 0.03 Hz/min approximately three hours after fMRI. DISCUSSION: This study analyzed frequency drift data from 95 3T MRI scanners. Median levels of drift were relatively low (5-min average under 1 Hz), but the most extreme cases suffered from higher levels of drift. The extent of drift varied across scanners which both linear and nonlinear drifts were observed.","keywords":"3t Frequency drift Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) Multi-site Multi-vendor Press support of a Novo Nordisk Research Fellowship run in conjunction with the University of Oxford. Francisco Reyes-Madrigal has served as a speaker for Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) and AstraZeneca. Marc Thioux and Pim van Dijk were supported by The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMW) and the Dorhout Mees Foundation. All other authors have no conflict of interest to declare.","issn":"1095-9572 (Electronic) 1053-8119 (Linking)","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118430","url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34314848","year":"2021","bibtex":"@article{RN288,\n author = {Hui, S. C. N. and Mikkelsen, M. and Zollner, H. J. and Ahluwalia, V. and Alcauter, S. and Baltusis, L. and Barany, D. A. and Barlow, L. R. and Becker, R. and Berman, J. I. and Berrington, A. and Bhattacharyya, P. K. and Blicher, J. U. and Bogner, W. and Brown, M. S. and Calhoun, V. D. and Castillo, R. and Cecil, K. M. and Choi, Y. B. and Chu, W. C. W. and Clarke, W. T. and Craven, A. R. and Cuypers, K. and Dacko, M. and de la Fuente-Sandoval, C. and Desmond, P. and Domagalik, A. and Dumont, J. and Duncan, N. W. and Dydak, U. and Dyke, K. and Edmondson, D. A. and Ende, G. and Ersland, L. and Evans, C. J. and Fermin, A. S. R. and Ferretti, A. and Fillmer, A. and Gong, T. and Greenhouse, I. and Grist, J. T. and Gu, M. and Harris, A. D. and Hat, K. and Heba, S. and Heckova, E. and Hegarty, J. P., 2nd and Heise, K. F. and Jacobson, A. and Jansen, J. F. A. and Jenkins, C. W. and Johnston, S. J. and Juchem, C. and Kangarlu, A. and Kerr, A. B. and Landheer, K. and Lange, T. and Lee, P. and Levendovszky, S. R. and Limperopoulos, C. and Liu, F. and Lloyd, W. and Lythgoe, D. J. and Machizawa, M. G. and MacMillan, E. L. and Maddock, R. J. and Manzhurtsev, A. V. and Martinez-Gudino, M. L. and Miller, J. J. and Mirzakhanian, H. and Moreno-Ortega, M. and Mullins, P. G. and Near, J. and Noeske, R. and Nordhoy, W. and Oeltzschner, G. and Osorio-Duran, R. and Otaduy, M. C. G. and Pasaye, E. H. and Peeters, R. and Peltier, S. J. and Pilatus, U. and Polomac, N. and Porges, E. C. and Pradhan, S. and Prisciandaro, J. J. and Puts, N. A. and Rae, C. D. and Reyes-Madrigal, F. and Roberts, T. P. L. and Robertson, C. E. and Rosenberg, J. T. and Rotaru, D. G. and O'Gorman Tuura, R. L. and Saleh, M. G. and Sandberg, K. and Sangill, R. and Schembri, K. and Schrantee, A. and Semenova, N. A. and others },\n title = {Frequency drift in MR spectroscopy at 3T},\n journal = {Neuroimage},\n volume = {241},\n pages = {118430},\n note = {Hui, Steve C N\nMikkelsen, Mark\nZollner, Helge J\nAhluwalia, Vishwadeep\nAlcauter, Sarael\nBaltusis, Laima\nBarany, Deborah A\nBarlow, Laura R\nBecker, Robert\nBerman, Jeffrey I\nBerrington, Adam\nBhattacharyya, Pallab K\nBlicher, Jakob Udby\nBogner, Wolfgang\nBrown, Mark S\nCalhoun, Vince D\nCastillo, Ryan\nCecil, Kim M\nChoi, Yeo Bi\nChu, Winnie C W\nClarke, William T\nCraven, Alexander R\nCuypers, Koen\nDacko, Michael\nde la Fuente-Sandoval, Camilo\nDesmond, Patricia\nDomagalik, Aleksandra\nDumont, Julien\nDuncan, Niall W\nDydak, Ulrike\nDyke, Katherine\nEdmondson, David A\nEnde, Gabriele\nErsland, Lars\nEvans, C John\nFermin, Alan S R\nFerretti, Antonio\nFillmer, Ariane\nGong, Tao\nGreenhouse, Ian\nGrist, James T\nGu, Meng\nHarris, Ashley D\nHat, Katarzyna\nHeba, Stefanie\nHeckova, Eva\nHegarty, John P 2nd\nHeise, Kirstin-Friederike\nJacobson, Aaron\nJansen, Jacobus F A\nJenkins, Christopher W\nJohnston, Stephen J\nJuchem, Christoph\nKangarlu, Alayar\nKerr, Adam B\nLandheer, Karl\nLange, Thomas\nLee, Phil\nLevendovszky, Swati Rane\nLimperopoulos, Catherine\nLiu, Feng\nLloyd, William\nLythgoe, David J\nMachizawa, Maro G\nMacMillan, Erin L\nMaddock, Richard J\nManzhurtsev, Andrei V\nMartinez-Gudino, Maria L\nMiller, Jack J\nMirzakhanian, Heline\nMoreno-Ortega, Marta\nMullins, Paul G\nNear, Jamie\nNoeske, Ralph\nNordhoy, Wibeke\nOeltzschner, Georg\nOsorio-Duran, Raul\nOtaduy, Maria C G\nPasaye, Erick H\nPeeters, Ronald\nPeltier, Scott J\nPilatus, Ulrich\nPolomac, Nenad\nPorges, Eric C\nPradhan, Subechhya\nPrisciandaro, James Joseph\nPuts, Nicolaas A\nRae, Caroline D\nReyes-Madrigal, Francisco\nRoberts, Timothy P L\nRobertson, Caroline E\nRosenberg, Jens T\nRotaru, Diana-Georgiana\nO'Gorman Tuura, Ruth L\nSaleh, Muhammad G\nSandberg, Kristian\nSangill, Ryan\nSchembri, Keith\nSchrantee, Anouk\nSemenova, Natalia A\nSingel, Debra\nSitnikov, Rouslan\nSmith, Jolinda\nSong, Yulu\nStark, Craig\nStoffers, Diederick\nSwinnen, Stephan P\nTain, Rongwen\nTanase, Costin\nTapper, Sofie\nTegenthoff, Martin\nThiel, Thomas\nThioux, Marc\nTruong, Peter\nvan Dijk, Pim\nVella, Nolan\nVidyasagar, Rishma\nVovk, Andrej\nWang, Guangbin\nWestlye, Lars T\nWilbur, Timothy K\nWilloughby, William R\nWilson, Martin\nWittsack, Hans-Jorg\nWoods, Adam J\nWu, Yen-Chien\nXu, Junqian\nLopez, Maria Yanez\nYeung, David K W\nZhao, Qun\nZhou, Xiaopeng\nZupan, Gasper\nEdden, Richard A E\nNakajima, Shinichiro Luke\nHonda, Shiori\neng\nNeuroimage. 2021 Jul 24;241:118430. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118430.},\n abstract = {PURPOSE: Heating of gradient coils and passive shim components is a common cause of instability in the B0 field, especially when gradient intensive sequences are used. The aim of the study was to set a benchmark for typical drift encountered during MR spectroscopy (MRS) to assess the need for real-time field-frequency locking on MRI scanners by comparing field drift data from a large number of sites. METHOD: A standardized protocol was developed for 80 participating sites using 99 3T MR scanners from 3 major vendors. Phantom water signals were acquired before and after an EPI sequence. The protocol consisted of: minimal preparatory imaging; a short pre-fMRI PRESS; a ten-minute fMRI acquisition; and a long post-fMRI PRESS acquisition. Both pre- and post-fMRI PRESS were non-water suppressed. Real-time frequency stabilization/adjustment was switched off when appropriate. Sixty scanners repeated the protocol for a second dataset. In addition, a three-hour post-fMRI MRS acquisition was performed at one site to observe change of gradient temperature and drift rate. Spectral analysis was performed using MATLAB. Frequency drift in pre-fMRI PRESS data were compared with the first 5:20 minutes and the full 30:00 minutes of data after fMRI. Median (interquartile range) drifts were measured and showed in violin plot. Paired t-tests were performed to compare frequency drift pre- and post-fMRI. A simulated in vivo spectrum was generated using FID-A to visualize the effect of the observed frequency drifts. The simulated spectrum was convolved with the frequency trace for the most extreme cases. Impacts of frequency drifts on NAA and GABA were also simulated as a function of linear drift. Data from the repeated protocol were compared with the corresponding first dataset using Pearson's and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). RESULTS: Of the data collected from 99 scanners, 4 were excluded due to various reasons. Thus, data from 95 scanners were ultimately analyzed. For the first 5:20 min (64 transients), median (interquartile range) drift was 0.44 (1.29) Hz before fMRI and 0.83 (1.29) Hz after. This increased to 3.15 (4.02) Hz for the full 30 min (360 transients) run. Average drift rates were 0.29 Hz/min before fMRI and 0.43 Hz/min after. Paired t-tests indicated that drift increased after fMRI, as expected (p < 0.05). Simulated spectra convolved with the frequency drift showed that the intensity of the NAA singlet was reduced by up to 26%, 44 % and 18% for GE, Philips and Siemens scanners after fMRI, respectively. ICCs indicated good agreement between datasets acquired on separate days. The single site long acquisition showed drift rate was reduced to 0.03 Hz/min approximately three hours after fMRI. DISCUSSION: This study analyzed frequency drift data from 95 3T MRI scanners. Median levels of drift were relatively low (5-min average under 1 Hz), but the most extreme cases suffered from higher levels of drift. The extent of drift varied across scanners which both linear and nonlinear drifts were observed.},\n keywords = {3t\nFrequency drift\nMagnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)\nMulti-site\nMulti-vendor\nPress\nsupport of a Novo Nordisk Research Fellowship run in conjunction with the\nUniversity of Oxford. Francisco Reyes-Madrigal has served as a speaker for\nJanssen (Johnson & Johnson) and AstraZeneca. Marc Thioux and Pim van Dijk were\nsupported by The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development\n(ZonMW) and the Dorhout Mees Foundation. All other authors have no conflict of\ninterest to declare.},\n ISSN = {1095-9572 (Electronic)\n1053-8119 (Linking)},\n DOI = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118430},\n url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34314848},\n year = {2021},\n type = {Journal Article}\n}\n\n","author_short":["Hui, S. C. N.","Mikkelsen, M.","Zollner, H. J.","Ahluwalia, V.","Alcauter, S.","Baltusis, L.","Barany, D. A.","Barlow, L. R.","Becker, R.","Berman, J. I.","Berrington, A.","Bhattacharyya, P. K.","Blicher, J. U.","Bogner, W.","Brown, M. S.","Calhoun, V. D.","Castillo, R.","Cecil, K. M.","Choi, Y. B.","Chu, W. C. W.","Clarke, W. T.","Craven, A. R.","Cuypers, K.","Dacko, M.","de la Fuente-Sandoval, C.","Desmond, P.","Domagalik, A.","Dumont, J.","Duncan, N. W.","Dydak, U.","Dyke, K.","Edmondson, D. A.","Ende, G.","Ersland, L.","Evans, C. J.","Fermin, A. S. R.","Ferretti, A.","Fillmer, A.","Gong, T.","Greenhouse, I.","Grist, J. T.","Gu, M.","Harris, A. D.","Hat, K.","Heba, S.","Heckova, E.","Hegarty, J. P.","Heise, K. F.","Jacobson, A.","Jansen, J. F. A.","Jenkins, C. W.","Johnston, S. J.","Juchem, C.","Kangarlu, A.","Kerr, A. B.","Landheer, K.","Lange, T.","Lee, P.","Levendovszky, S. R.","Limperopoulos, C.","Liu, F.","Lloyd, W.","Lythgoe, D. J.","Machizawa, M. G.","MacMillan, E. L.","Maddock, R. J.","Manzhurtsev, A. V.","Martinez-Gudino, M. L.","Miller, J. J.","Mirzakhanian, H.","Moreno-Ortega, M.","Mullins, P. G.","Near, J.","Noeske, R.","Nordhoy, W.","Oeltzschner, G.","Osorio-Duran, R.","Otaduy, M. C. G.","Pasaye, E. H.","Peeters, R.","Peltier, S. J.","Pilatus, U.","Polomac, N.","Porges, E. C.","Pradhan, S.","Prisciandaro, J. J.","Puts, N. A.","Rae, C. D.","Reyes-Madrigal, F.","Roberts, T. P. L.","Robertson, C. E.","Rosenberg, J. T.","Rotaru, D. G.","O'Gorman Tuura, R. L.","Saleh, M. G.","Sandberg, K.","Sangill, R.","Schembri, K.","Schrantee, A.","Semenova, N. A.","others"],"key":"RN288","id":"RN288","bibbaseid":"hui-mikkelsen-zollner-ahluwalia-alcauter-baltusis-barany-barlow-etal-frequencydriftinmrspectroscopyat3t-2021","role":"author","urls":{"Paper":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34314848"},"keyword":["3t Frequency drift Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) Multi-site Multi-vendor Press support of a Novo Nordisk Research Fellowship run in conjunction with the University of Oxford. Francisco Reyes-Madrigal has served as a speaker for Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) and AstraZeneca. Marc Thioux and Pim van Dijk were supported by The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMW) and the Dorhout Mees Foundation. All other authors have no conflict of interest to declare."],"metadata":{"authorlinks":{}},"html":""},"bibtype":"article","biburl":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jansenjfa1/bibbase.github.io/master/jansenjfa.bib","dataSources":["TCkfRWJAZvbLAZi29"],"keywords":["3t frequency drift magnetic resonance spectroscopy (mrs) multi-site multi-vendor press support of a novo nordisk research fellowship run in conjunction with the university of oxford. francisco reyes-madrigal has served as a speaker for janssen (johnson & johnson) and astrazeneca. marc thioux and pim van dijk were supported by the netherlands organization for health research and development (zonmw) and the dorhout mees foundation. all other authors have no conflict of interest to declare."],"search_terms":["frequency","drift","spectroscopy","hui","mikkelsen","zollner","ahluwalia","alcauter","baltusis","barany","barlow","becker","berman","berrington","bhattacharyya","blicher","bogner","brown","calhoun","castillo","cecil","choi","chu","clarke","craven","cuypers","dacko","de la fuente-sandoval","desmond","domagalik","dumont","duncan","dydak","dyke","edmondson","ende","ersland","evans","fermin","ferretti","fillmer","gong","greenhouse","grist","gu","harris","hat","heba","heckova","hegarty","heise","jacobson","jansen","jenkins","johnston","juchem","kangarlu","kerr","landheer","lange","lee","levendovszky","limperopoulos","liu","lloyd","lythgoe","machizawa","macmillan","maddock","manzhurtsev","martinez-gudino","miller","mirzakhanian","moreno-ortega","mullins","near","noeske","nordhoy","oeltzschner","osorio-duran","otaduy","pasaye","peeters","peltier","pilatus","polomac","porges","pradhan","prisciandaro","puts","rae","reyes-madrigal","roberts","robertson","rosenberg","rotaru","o'gorman tuura","saleh","sandberg","sangill","schembri","schrantee","semenova","others"],"title":"Frequency drift in MR spectroscopy at 3T","year":2021}