Taharoa Terminal: First baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species. Inglis, G. J., Kospartov, M., Peacock, L., Middleton, C., & Johnson, O. Technical Report NIWA, Christchurch, September, 2008. ![Taharoa Terminal: First baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species [link]](https://bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg "link")
Paper abstract bibtex Executive summary This report describes the results of the first port baseline survey of Taharoa Terminal, undertaken from late May to early July 2006. The survey provides an inventory of native, non indigenous and cryptogenic marine species at the Taharoa Terminal and surrounding coastal area and compares the biota with existing marine species records from the area. • The survey is part of a nationwide investigation of native and non-native marine biodiversity in New Zealand’s shipping ports and marinas of first entry for vessels entering New Zealand from overseas. • Sampling methods used in these surveys were based on protocols developed by the Australian Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) for baseline surveys of non-indigenous species in ports. Some variations to these protocols were necessary for use in the marine and coastal environments of Taharoa. • A wide range of sampling techniques was used to collect marine organisms from habitats at Taharoa. Fouling assemblages were scraped from hard substrata by divers, benthic assemblages were sampled using an anchor box dredge, large hand corer and diver visual surveys, and a gravity corer or small hand corer was used to sample for dinoflagellate cysts. Phytoplankton and zooplankton were sampled with fine-meshed plankton nets. Mobile predators and scavengers were sampled using baited crab and shrimp traps, and fish were sampled with poison stations and beach seine netting. Beach wrack was surveyed on visual walks along selected shorelines. Sediment samples were also collected to analyse organic content and particle size. • Sampling effort was distributed at the Taharoa Terminal and surrounding coastal environments according to priorities identified by MAF Biosecurity New Zealand. In total, 27 sites were sampled during the survey. • Organisms collected during the survey were sent to New Zealand and international taxonomic experts for identification. • Prior to the port baseline survey, a desktop review was conducted to compile an inventory of non-indigenous marine species that have been recorded previously from Taharoa and surrounding areas. No non-indigenous species had been reported from the area. Two cryptogenic category one taxa (C1: those whose identity as native or non-indigenous is ambiguous), both dinoflagellates, had been reported from Taharoa previously. • The initial port baseline survey of Taharoa Terminal recorded a total of 328 species or higher taxa. The collection consisted of 212 native taxa, six non-indigenous taxa, 12 cryptogenic category one taxa, four cryptogenic category two taxa (C2: species that have recently been discovered but for which there is insufficient biogeographic or taxonomic information to determine the native provenance), and zooplankton (which were screened for target non-indigenous species but otherwise not identified), with the remaining 93 taxa being indeterminate (unable to be identified to species level). • The six non-indigenous species (NIS) recorded from the initial baseline survey included three algae (Polysiphonia subtilissima, Polysiphonia brodiei and Polysiphonia aff. sertularioides), one freshwater plant (Elodea canadensis), one barnacle (Austromegabalanus nigrescens) and one bryozoan (Electra angulata). The 12 C1 taxa included the annelid Heteromastus filiformis, the bryozoan Scruparia ambigua, the ascidian Diplosoma listerianum, the hydroids Clytia hemisphaerica and Obelia dichotoma, the dinoflagellates Gymnodinium catenatum, Alexandrium catenella, A. affine, A. ostenfeldii and A. tamarense, the sponge Chondropsis topsentii, and the red alga Ceramium cliftonianum. One NIS – the barnacle Austromegabalanus nigrescens – and one C1 – the alga Ceramium cliftonianum – had not previously been recorded in New Zealand. The other NIS and C1 taxa are known to have established populations within New Zealand, but their occurrence at Taharoa represents an extension of the known range in New Zealand for one of them (Polysiphonia brodiei) and a possible extension for another two (Clytia hemisphaerica and Obelia dichotoma). • The 18 NIS and C1 taxa collected during the Taharoa port survey were represented by 138 records. More than three-quarters of these were collected in the quadrat scrapings from the offshore mooring buoy, at depths of 0.5 m and 2 m. The 31 records resulting from the other methods were collected in samples from depths ranging from the intertidal to 35 m depth. • The distribution of NIS and C1 taxa in the Taharoa area appears to be centred around the mooring buoy. Seven taxa were recorded only on the mooring buoy, another three were only recorded from samples within 1 km of the buoy, and a further five were recorded from samples within 3 km of the buoy. • Four taxa recorded from the initial port baseline survey of Taharoa Terminal appear to be new to science. Classed as C2, these are the bryozoan Celleporina sp. and the polychaetes Notomastus Notomastus-B, Asychis Asychis-B and Paraprionospio Paraprionospio-A [pinnata]. The Taharoa records represent the first records for Celleporina sp. and Notomastus Notomastus-B. • None of the species recorded during the Taharoa Terminal port survey or during the desktop review of existing species records are on the New Zealand Unwanted Organisms Register. However, three diatoms recorded from the port survey are on both the Australian CCIMPE Trigger List and an Australian list of 37 priority international pests. Another two species, the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum (recorded in both the port survey and previously), and the red alga Polysiphonia brodiei (recorded in the port survey), are included on an Australian list of 53 Australian priority domestic pests. • Eight toxin-producing species were recorded during the Taharoa Terminal port baseline survey – the native dinoflagellates Lingulodinium polyedrum, Dinophysis acuta and D. tripos, the native diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis and the C1 dinoflagellates Alexandrium catenella, A. tamarense, A. ostenfeldii and Gymnodinium catenatum. Only the latter two species have previously been recorded from Taharoa. Another two native diatoms recorded during the port survey, Chaetoceros convolutus and C. concavicornis, are considered harmful to fish due to their barbed setae, but are not directly toxic. • Two hundred and twenty-eight of the 234 species (\textgreater97 %) that were identified in the port survey were not represented amongst the 42 taxa recorded during the desktop review. The port baseline survey thus represents a valuable addition to the knowledge of the flora and fauna of the Taharoa area. The low overlap in species composition between the desktop review of existing marine species records and the records from the port baseline survey can be attributed to the paucity of previous sampling in the area, variation in sampling effort and technique between surveys and to the differences in time-frame over which the records were accumulated (i.e. single snap-shot survey versus accumulation of historical records). • Almost all of the non-indigenous and C1 taxa recorded during the Taharoa port survey or desktop review could have arrived in New Zealand accidentally by international shipping or spread from other locations in New Zealand (including translocation by shipping). Approximately half of them could also have arrived at Taharoa by natural means. • Ten of the 18 species may have been introduced in hull fouling assemblages, one through the domestic aquarium trade, two either by hull fouling or by rafting on natural or man-made substrata, and five either in ballast water or on ocean currents. • The distribution of NIS and C1 taxa in the Taharoa area appears to be centred around the mooring buoy. Seven taxa were recorded only on the mooring buoy, and a total of 15 of the 18 taxa were recorded only in samples taken within 3 km from the buoy. It is suggested that maintaining the mooring buoy clear of fouling organisms will reduce the likelihood of NIS and C1 taxa becoming established at Taharoa and prevent them from being translocated to other locations in New Zealand.
@techreport{inglis_taharoa_2008,
address = {Christchurch},
type = {{NIWA} {Client} {Report}},
title = {Taharoa {Terminal}: {First} baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species},
url = {https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/32839-taharoa-terminal-first-baseline-survey-for-non-indigenous-marine-species-research-project-zbs2005-19},
abstract = {\textit{Executive summary}
This report describes the results of the first port baseline survey of Taharoa Terminal, undertaken from late May to early July 2006. The survey provides an inventory of native, non indigenous and cryptogenic marine species at the Taharoa Terminal and surrounding coastal area and compares the biota with existing marine species records from the area.
• The survey is part of a nationwide investigation of native and non-native marine biodiversity in New Zealand’s shipping ports and marinas of first entry for vessels entering New Zealand from overseas.
• Sampling methods used in these surveys were based on protocols developed by the Australian Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) for baseline surveys of non-indigenous species in ports. Some variations to these protocols were necessary for use in the marine and coastal environments of Taharoa.
• A wide range of sampling techniques was used to collect marine organisms from habitats at Taharoa. Fouling assemblages were scraped from hard substrata by divers, benthic assemblages were sampled using an anchor box dredge, large hand corer and diver visual surveys, and a gravity corer or small hand corer was used to sample for dinoflagellate cysts. Phytoplankton and zooplankton were sampled with fine-meshed plankton nets. Mobile predators and scavengers were sampled using baited crab and shrimp traps, and fish were sampled with poison stations and beach seine netting. Beach wrack was surveyed on visual walks along selected shorelines. Sediment samples were also collected to analyse organic content and particle size.
• Sampling effort was distributed at the Taharoa Terminal and surrounding coastal environments according to priorities identified by MAF Biosecurity New Zealand. In total, 27 sites were sampled during the survey.
• Organisms collected during the survey were sent to New Zealand and international taxonomic experts for identification.
• Prior to the port baseline survey, a desktop review was conducted to compile an inventory of non-indigenous marine species that have been recorded previously from Taharoa and surrounding areas. No non-indigenous species had been reported from the area. Two cryptogenic category one taxa (C1: those whose identity as native or non-indigenous is ambiguous), both dinoflagellates, had been reported from Taharoa previously.
• The initial port baseline survey of Taharoa Terminal recorded a total of 328 species or higher taxa. The collection consisted of 212 native taxa, six non-indigenous taxa, 12 cryptogenic category one taxa, four cryptogenic category two taxa (C2: species that have recently been discovered but for which there is insufficient biogeographic or taxonomic information to determine the native provenance), and zooplankton (which were screened for target non-indigenous species but otherwise not identified), with the remaining 93 taxa being indeterminate (unable to be identified to species level).
• The six non-indigenous species (NIS) recorded from the initial baseline survey included three algae (Polysiphonia subtilissima, Polysiphonia brodiei and Polysiphonia aff. sertularioides), one freshwater plant (Elodea canadensis), one barnacle (Austromegabalanus nigrescens) and one bryozoan (Electra angulata). The 12 C1 taxa included the annelid Heteromastus filiformis, the bryozoan Scruparia ambigua, the ascidian Diplosoma listerianum, the hydroids Clytia hemisphaerica and Obelia dichotoma, the dinoflagellates Gymnodinium catenatum, Alexandrium catenella, A. affine, A. ostenfeldii and A. tamarense, the sponge Chondropsis topsentii, and the red alga Ceramium cliftonianum. One NIS – the barnacle Austromegabalanus nigrescens – and one C1 – the alga Ceramium cliftonianum – had not previously been recorded in New Zealand. The other NIS and C1 taxa are known to have established populations within New Zealand, but their occurrence at Taharoa represents an extension of the known range in New Zealand for one of them (Polysiphonia brodiei) and a possible extension for another two (Clytia hemisphaerica and Obelia dichotoma).
• The 18 NIS and C1 taxa collected during the Taharoa port survey were represented by 138 records. More than three-quarters of these were collected in the quadrat scrapings from the offshore mooring buoy, at depths of 0.5 m and 2 m. The 31 records resulting from the other methods were collected in samples from depths ranging from the intertidal to 35 m depth.
• The distribution of NIS and C1 taxa in the Taharoa area appears to be centred around the mooring buoy. Seven taxa were recorded only on the mooring buoy, another three were only recorded from samples within 1 km of the buoy, and a further five were recorded from samples within 3 km of the buoy.
• Four taxa recorded from the initial port baseline survey of Taharoa Terminal appear to be new to science. Classed as C2, these are the bryozoan Celleporina sp. and the polychaetes Notomastus Notomastus-B, Asychis Asychis-B and Paraprionospio Paraprionospio-A [pinnata]. The Taharoa records represent the first records for Celleporina sp. and Notomastus Notomastus-B.
• None of the species recorded during the Taharoa Terminal port survey or during the desktop review of existing species records are on the New Zealand Unwanted Organisms Register. However, three diatoms recorded from the port survey are on both the Australian CCIMPE Trigger List and an Australian list of 37 priority international pests. Another two species, the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum (recorded in both the port survey and previously), and the red alga Polysiphonia brodiei (recorded in the port survey), are included on an Australian list of 53 Australian priority domestic pests.
• Eight toxin-producing species were recorded during the Taharoa Terminal port baseline survey – the native dinoflagellates Lingulodinium polyedrum, Dinophysis acuta and D. tripos, the native diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis and the C1 dinoflagellates Alexandrium catenella, A. tamarense, A. ostenfeldii and Gymnodinium catenatum. Only the latter two species have previously been recorded from Taharoa. Another two native diatoms recorded during the port survey, Chaetoceros convolutus and C. concavicornis, are considered harmful to fish due to their barbed setae, but are not directly toxic.
• Two hundred and twenty-eight of the 234 species ({\textgreater}97 \%) that were identified in the port survey were not represented amongst the 42 taxa recorded during the desktop review. The port baseline survey thus represents a valuable addition to the knowledge of the flora and fauna of the Taharoa area. The low overlap in species composition between the desktop review of existing marine species records and the records from the port baseline survey can be attributed to the paucity of previous sampling in the area, variation in sampling effort and technique between surveys and to the differences in time-frame over which the records were accumulated (i.e. single snap-shot survey versus accumulation of historical records).
• Almost all of the non-indigenous and C1 taxa recorded during the Taharoa port survey or desktop review could have arrived in New Zealand accidentally by international shipping or spread from other locations in New Zealand (including translocation by shipping). Approximately half of them could also have arrived at Taharoa by natural means.
• Ten of the 18 species may have been introduced in hull fouling assemblages, one through the domestic aquarium trade, two either by hull fouling or by rafting on natural or man-made substrata, and five either in ballast water or on ocean currents.
• The distribution of NIS and C1 taxa in the Taharoa area appears to be centred around the mooring buoy. Seven taxa were recorded only on the mooring buoy, and a total of 15 of the 18 taxa were recorded only in samples taken within 3 km from the buoy. It is suggested that maintaining the mooring buoy clear of fouling organisms will reduce the likelihood of NIS and C1 taxa becoming established at Taharoa and prevent them from being translocated to other locations in New Zealand.},
institution = {NIWA},
author = {Inglis, G. J. and Kospartov, Marie and Peacock, Lisa and Middleton, Crispin and Johnson, Olivia},
month = sep,
year = {2008},
keywords = {Biosecurity, Cryptogenic, Introduced taxa, MAF, Marine species, NIS, New Zealand, Non-indigenous marine species, Port surveys, biological invasions},
pages = {115 pp.},
}
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{"_id":"mnwdXKXNQji4NoB25","bibbaseid":"inglis-kospartov-peacock-middleton-johnson-taharoaterminalfirstbaselinesurveyfornonindigenousmarinespecies-2008","author_short":["Inglis, G. J.","Kospartov, M.","Peacock, L.","Middleton, C.","Johnson, O."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"techreport","type":"NIWA Client Report","address":"Christchurch","title":"Taharoa Terminal: First baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species","url":"https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/32839-taharoa-terminal-first-baseline-survey-for-non-indigenous-marine-species-research-project-zbs2005-19","abstract":"<i>Executive summary</i> This report describes the results of the first port baseline survey of Taharoa Terminal, undertaken from late May to early July 2006. The survey provides an inventory of native, non indigenous and cryptogenic marine species at the Taharoa Terminal and surrounding coastal area and compares the biota with existing marine species records from the area. • The survey is part of a nationwide investigation of native and non-native marine biodiversity in New Zealand’s shipping ports and marinas of first entry for vessels entering New Zealand from overseas. • Sampling methods used in these surveys were based on protocols developed by the Australian Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) for baseline surveys of non-indigenous species in ports. Some variations to these protocols were necessary for use in the marine and coastal environments of Taharoa. • A wide range of sampling techniques was used to collect marine organisms from habitats at Taharoa. Fouling assemblages were scraped from hard substrata by divers, benthic assemblages were sampled using an anchor box dredge, large hand corer and diver visual surveys, and a gravity corer or small hand corer was used to sample for dinoflagellate cysts. Phytoplankton and zooplankton were sampled with fine-meshed plankton nets. Mobile predators and scavengers were sampled using baited crab and shrimp traps, and fish were sampled with poison stations and beach seine netting. Beach wrack was surveyed on visual walks along selected shorelines. Sediment samples were also collected to analyse organic content and particle size. • Sampling effort was distributed at the Taharoa Terminal and surrounding coastal environments according to priorities identified by MAF Biosecurity New Zealand. In total, 27 sites were sampled during the survey. • Organisms collected during the survey were sent to New Zealand and international taxonomic experts for identification. • Prior to the port baseline survey, a desktop review was conducted to compile an inventory of non-indigenous marine species that have been recorded previously from Taharoa and surrounding areas. No non-indigenous species had been reported from the area. Two cryptogenic category one taxa (C1: those whose identity as native or non-indigenous is ambiguous), both dinoflagellates, had been reported from Taharoa previously. • The initial port baseline survey of Taharoa Terminal recorded a total of 328 species or higher taxa. The collection consisted of 212 native taxa, six non-indigenous taxa, 12 cryptogenic category one taxa, four cryptogenic category two taxa (C2: species that have recently been discovered but for which there is insufficient biogeographic or taxonomic information to determine the native provenance), and zooplankton (which were screened for target non-indigenous species but otherwise not identified), with the remaining 93 taxa being indeterminate (unable to be identified to species level). • The six non-indigenous species (NIS) recorded from the initial baseline survey included three algae (Polysiphonia subtilissima, Polysiphonia brodiei and Polysiphonia aff. sertularioides), one freshwater plant (Elodea canadensis), one barnacle (Austromegabalanus nigrescens) and one bryozoan (Electra angulata). The 12 C1 taxa included the annelid Heteromastus filiformis, the bryozoan Scruparia ambigua, the ascidian Diplosoma listerianum, the hydroids Clytia hemisphaerica and Obelia dichotoma, the dinoflagellates Gymnodinium catenatum, Alexandrium catenella, A. affine, A. ostenfeldii and A. tamarense, the sponge Chondropsis topsentii, and the red alga Ceramium cliftonianum. One NIS – the barnacle Austromegabalanus nigrescens – and one C1 – the alga Ceramium cliftonianum – had not previously been recorded in New Zealand. The other NIS and C1 taxa are known to have established populations within New Zealand, but their occurrence at Taharoa represents an extension of the known range in New Zealand for one of them (Polysiphonia brodiei) and a possible extension for another two (Clytia hemisphaerica and Obelia dichotoma). • The 18 NIS and C1 taxa collected during the Taharoa port survey were represented by 138 records. More than three-quarters of these were collected in the quadrat scrapings from the offshore mooring buoy, at depths of 0.5 m and 2 m. The 31 records resulting from the other methods were collected in samples from depths ranging from the intertidal to 35 m depth. • The distribution of NIS and C1 taxa in the Taharoa area appears to be centred around the mooring buoy. Seven taxa were recorded only on the mooring buoy, another three were only recorded from samples within 1 km of the buoy, and a further five were recorded from samples within 3 km of the buoy. • Four taxa recorded from the initial port baseline survey of Taharoa Terminal appear to be new to science. Classed as C2, these are the bryozoan Celleporina sp. and the polychaetes Notomastus Notomastus-B, Asychis Asychis-B and Paraprionospio Paraprionospio-A [pinnata]. The Taharoa records represent the first records for Celleporina sp. and Notomastus Notomastus-B. • None of the species recorded during the Taharoa Terminal port survey or during the desktop review of existing species records are on the New Zealand Unwanted Organisms Register. However, three diatoms recorded from the port survey are on both the Australian CCIMPE Trigger List and an Australian list of 37 priority international pests. Another two species, the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum (recorded in both the port survey and previously), and the red alga Polysiphonia brodiei (recorded in the port survey), are included on an Australian list of 53 Australian priority domestic pests. • Eight toxin-producing species were recorded during the Taharoa Terminal port baseline survey – the native dinoflagellates Lingulodinium polyedrum, Dinophysis acuta and D. tripos, the native diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis and the C1 dinoflagellates Alexandrium catenella, A. tamarense, A. ostenfeldii and Gymnodinium catenatum. Only the latter two species have previously been recorded from Taharoa. Another two native diatoms recorded during the port survey, Chaetoceros convolutus and C. concavicornis, are considered harmful to fish due to their barbed setae, but are not directly toxic. • Two hundred and twenty-eight of the 234 species (\\textgreater97 %) that were identified in the port survey were not represented amongst the 42 taxa recorded during the desktop review. The port baseline survey thus represents a valuable addition to the knowledge of the flora and fauna of the Taharoa area. The low overlap in species composition between the desktop review of existing marine species records and the records from the port baseline survey can be attributed to the paucity of previous sampling in the area, variation in sampling effort and technique between surveys and to the differences in time-frame over which the records were accumulated (i.e. single snap-shot survey versus accumulation of historical records). • Almost all of the non-indigenous and C1 taxa recorded during the Taharoa port survey or desktop review could have arrived in New Zealand accidentally by international shipping or spread from other locations in New Zealand (including translocation by shipping). Approximately half of them could also have arrived at Taharoa by natural means. • Ten of the 18 species may have been introduced in hull fouling assemblages, one through the domestic aquarium trade, two either by hull fouling or by rafting on natural or man-made substrata, and five either in ballast water or on ocean currents. • The distribution of NIS and C1 taxa in the Taharoa area appears to be centred around the mooring buoy. Seven taxa were recorded only on the mooring buoy, and a total of 15 of the 18 taxa were recorded only in samples taken within 3 km from the buoy. It is suggested that maintaining the mooring buoy clear of fouling organisms will reduce the likelihood of NIS and C1 taxa becoming established at Taharoa and prevent them from being translocated to other locations in New Zealand.","institution":"NIWA","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Inglis"],"firstnames":["G.","J."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Kospartov"],"firstnames":["Marie"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Peacock"],"firstnames":["Lisa"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Middleton"],"firstnames":["Crispin"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Johnson"],"firstnames":["Olivia"],"suffixes":[]}],"month":"September","year":"2008","keywords":"Biosecurity, Cryptogenic, Introduced taxa, MAF, Marine species, NIS, New Zealand, Non-indigenous marine species, Port surveys, biological invasions","pages":"115 pp.","bibtex":"@techreport{inglis_taharoa_2008,\n\taddress = {Christchurch},\n\ttype = {{NIWA} {Client} {Report}},\n\ttitle = {Taharoa {Terminal}: {First} baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species},\n\turl = {https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/32839-taharoa-terminal-first-baseline-survey-for-non-indigenous-marine-species-research-project-zbs2005-19},\n\tabstract = {\\textit{Executive summary}\n\nThis report describes the results of the first port baseline survey of Taharoa Terminal, undertaken from late May to early July 2006. The survey provides an inventory of native, non indigenous and cryptogenic marine species at the Taharoa Terminal and surrounding coastal area and compares the biota with existing marine species records from the area. \n•\tThe survey is part of a nationwide investigation of native and non-native marine biodiversity in New Zealand’s shipping ports and marinas of first entry for vessels entering New Zealand from overseas. \n•\tSampling methods used in these surveys were based on protocols developed by the Australian Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) for baseline surveys of non-indigenous species in ports. Some variations to these protocols were necessary for use in the marine and coastal environments of Taharoa. \n•\tA wide range of sampling techniques was used to collect marine organisms from habitats at Taharoa. Fouling assemblages were scraped from hard substrata by divers, benthic assemblages were sampled using an anchor box dredge, large hand corer and diver visual surveys, and a gravity corer or small hand corer was used to sample for dinoflagellate cysts. Phytoplankton and zooplankton were sampled with fine-meshed plankton nets. Mobile predators and scavengers were sampled using baited crab and shrimp traps, and fish were sampled with poison stations and beach seine netting. Beach wrack was surveyed on visual walks along selected shorelines. Sediment samples were also collected to analyse organic content and particle size. \n•\tSampling effort was distributed at the Taharoa Terminal and surrounding coastal environments according to priorities identified by MAF Biosecurity New Zealand. In total, 27 sites were sampled during the survey.\n•\tOrganisms collected during the survey were sent to New Zealand and international taxonomic experts for identification.\n•\tPrior to the port baseline survey, a desktop review was conducted to compile an inventory of non-indigenous marine species that have been recorded previously from Taharoa and surrounding areas. No non-indigenous species had been reported from the area. Two cryptogenic category one taxa (C1: those whose identity as native or non-indigenous is ambiguous), both dinoflagellates, had been reported from Taharoa previously. \n•\tThe initial port baseline survey of Taharoa Terminal recorded a total of 328 species or higher taxa. The collection consisted of 212 native taxa, six non-indigenous taxa, 12 cryptogenic category one taxa, four cryptogenic category two taxa (C2: species that have recently been discovered but for which there is insufficient biogeographic or taxonomic information to determine the native provenance), and zooplankton (which were screened for target non-indigenous species but otherwise not identified), with the remaining 93 taxa being indeterminate (unable to be identified to species level). \n \n\n•\tThe six non-indigenous species (NIS) recorded from the initial baseline survey included three algae (Polysiphonia subtilissima, Polysiphonia brodiei and Polysiphonia aff. sertularioides), one freshwater plant (Elodea canadensis), one barnacle (Austromegabalanus nigrescens) and one bryozoan (Electra angulata). The 12 C1 taxa included the annelid Heteromastus filiformis, the bryozoan Scruparia ambigua, the ascidian Diplosoma listerianum, the hydroids Clytia hemisphaerica and Obelia dichotoma, the dinoflagellates Gymnodinium catenatum, Alexandrium catenella, A. affine, A. ostenfeldii and A. tamarense, the sponge Chondropsis topsentii, and the red alga Ceramium cliftonianum. One NIS – the barnacle Austromegabalanus nigrescens – and one C1 – the alga Ceramium cliftonianum – had not previously been recorded in New Zealand. The other NIS and C1 taxa are known to have established populations within New Zealand, but their occurrence at Taharoa represents an extension of the known range in New Zealand for one of them (Polysiphonia brodiei) and a possible extension for another two (Clytia hemisphaerica and Obelia dichotoma).\n•\tThe 18 NIS and C1 taxa collected during the Taharoa port survey were represented by 138 records. More than three-quarters of these were collected in the quadrat scrapings from the offshore mooring buoy, at depths of 0.5 m and 2 m. The 31 records resulting from the other methods were collected in samples from depths ranging from the intertidal to 35 m depth.\n•\tThe distribution of NIS and C1 taxa in the Taharoa area appears to be centred around the mooring buoy. Seven taxa were recorded only on the mooring buoy, another three were only recorded from samples within 1 km of the buoy, and a further five were recorded from samples within 3 km of the buoy.\n•\tFour taxa recorded from the initial port baseline survey of Taharoa Terminal appear to be new to science. Classed as C2, these are the bryozoan Celleporina sp. and the polychaetes Notomastus Notomastus-B, Asychis Asychis-B and Paraprionospio Paraprionospio-A [pinnata]. The Taharoa records represent the first records for Celleporina sp. and Notomastus Notomastus-B. \n•\tNone of the species recorded during the Taharoa Terminal port survey or during the desktop review of existing species records are on the New Zealand Unwanted Organisms Register. However, three diatoms recorded from the port survey are on both the Australian CCIMPE Trigger List and an Australian list of 37 priority international pests. Another two species, the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum (recorded in both the port survey and previously), and the red alga Polysiphonia brodiei (recorded in the port survey), are included on an Australian list of 53 Australian priority domestic pests. \n•\tEight toxin-producing species were recorded during the Taharoa Terminal port baseline survey – the native dinoflagellates Lingulodinium polyedrum, Dinophysis acuta and D. tripos, the native diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis and the C1 dinoflagellates Alexandrium catenella, A. tamarense, A. ostenfeldii and Gymnodinium catenatum. Only the latter two species have previously been recorded from Taharoa. Another two native diatoms recorded during the port survey, Chaetoceros convolutus and C. concavicornis, are considered harmful to fish due to their barbed setae, but are not directly toxic. \n\n•\tTwo hundred and twenty-eight of the 234 species ({\\textgreater}97 \\%) that were identified in the port survey were not represented amongst the 42 taxa recorded during the desktop review. The port baseline survey thus represents a valuable addition to the knowledge of the flora and fauna of the Taharoa area. The low overlap in species composition between the desktop review of existing marine species records and the records from the port baseline survey can be attributed to the paucity of previous sampling in the area, variation in sampling effort and technique between surveys and to the differences in time-frame over which the records were accumulated (i.e. single snap-shot survey versus accumulation of historical records). \n•\tAlmost all of the non-indigenous and C1 taxa recorded during the Taharoa port survey or desktop review could have arrived in New Zealand accidentally by international shipping or spread from other locations in New Zealand (including translocation by shipping). Approximately half of them could also have arrived at Taharoa by natural means. \n•\tTen of the 18 species may have been introduced in hull fouling assemblages, one through the domestic aquarium trade, two either by hull fouling or by rafting on natural or man-made substrata, and five either in ballast water or on ocean currents. \n•\tThe distribution of NIS and C1 taxa in the Taharoa area appears to be centred around the mooring buoy. Seven taxa were recorded only on the mooring buoy, and a total of 15 of the 18 taxa were recorded only in samples taken within 3 km from the buoy. It is suggested that maintaining the mooring buoy clear of fouling organisms will reduce the likelihood of NIS and C1 taxa becoming established at Taharoa and prevent them from being translocated to other locations in New Zealand.},\n\tinstitution = {NIWA},\n\tauthor = {Inglis, G. J. and Kospartov, Marie and Peacock, Lisa and Middleton, Crispin and Johnson, Olivia},\n\tmonth = sep,\n\tyear = {2008},\n\tkeywords = {Biosecurity, Cryptogenic, Introduced taxa, MAF, Marine species, NIS, New Zealand, Non-indigenous marine species, Port surveys, biological invasions},\n\tpages = {115 pp.},\n}\n\n","author_short":["Inglis, G. J.","Kospartov, M.","Peacock, L.","Middleton, C.","Johnson, O."],"key":"inglis_taharoa_2008","id":"inglis_taharoa_2008","bibbaseid":"inglis-kospartov-peacock-middleton-johnson-taharoaterminalfirstbaselinesurveyfornonindigenousmarinespecies-2008","role":"author","urls":{"Paper":"https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/32839-taharoa-terminal-first-baseline-survey-for-non-indigenous-marine-species-research-project-zbs2005-19"},"keyword":["Biosecurity","Cryptogenic","Introduced taxa","MAF","Marine species","NIS","New Zealand","Non-indigenous marine species","Port surveys","biological invasions"],"metadata":{"authorlinks":{}}},"bibtype":"techreport","biburl":"https://api.zotero.org/groups/1780128/items?key=mkYJdVcVZD5yyS6bAqdHVlVs&format=bibtex&limit=100","dataSources":["DzoRvg3v4wt7w44ED"],"keywords":["biosecurity","cryptogenic","introduced taxa","maf","marine species","nis","new zealand","non-indigenous marine species","port surveys","biological invasions"],"search_terms":["taharoa","terminal","first","baseline","survey","non","indigenous","marine","species","inglis","kospartov","peacock","middleton","johnson"],"title":"Taharoa Terminal: First baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species","year":2008}