Kaikoura: First baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species. Inglis, G. J., Kospartov, M., Seaward, K., Schimanski, K., Peacock, L., Gust, N., Hoe, C., Read, G., Ahyong, S. T., Burnett, J., & Cox, S. L. Technical Report NIWA, Christchurch, June, 2009. ![Kaikoura: First baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species [link]](https://bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg "link")
Paper abstract bibtex \textlessi\textgreaterExecutive summary \textless/i\textgreater • This report describes the results of the first port baseline survey of Kaikoura, undertaken in May 2007. The survey provides an inventory of native, non indigenous and cryptogenic marine taxa in Kaikoura and the surrounding coastal area and compares the biota with existing marine species records from the area. • The survey is part of a nationwide investigation of native and non-native marine biodiversity in New Zealand’s shipping ports and marinas of first entry for vessels entering New Zealand from overseas. • Sampling methods used in these surveys were based on protocols developed by the Australian Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) for baseline surveys of non-indigenous species in ports. Some variations to these protocols were necessary for use in the marine environments of Kaikoura. • A wide range of sampling techniques were used to collect marine organisms from habitats within Kaikoura. Fouling assemblages were scraped from hard substrata by divers, benthic assemblages were sampled using an anchor box dredge, large hand corer and diver visual transects, and a gravity corer or small hand corer was used to sample for dinoflagellate cysts. Phytoplankton and zooplankton were sampled with fine-meshed plankton nets. Mobile predators and scavengers were sampled using baited crab and shrimp traps, and fish were sampled with poison stations and beach seine netting. Beach wrack was surveyed on visual walks along selected shorelines. Sediment samples were also collected to analyse organic content and particle size. • Sampling effort was distributed in Kaikoura and surrounding coastal environments according to priorities identified by MAF Biosecurity New Zealand. In total, 21 sites were sampled during the survey. • Organisms collected during the survey were sent to New Zealand and international taxonomic experts for identification. • Prior to the port baseline survey, a desktop review was conducted to compile an inventory of non-indigenous marine species that have been recorded previously from Kaikoura and surrounding areas. Eight non-indigenous species were recorded from the literature describing the Kaikoura marine flora and fauna. These include the polychaete worm Dipolydora armata, amphipod Monocorophium sextonae, salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, hydroid Obelia longissima, brown algae Punctaria latifolia, Sargassum verruculosum and Undaria pinnatifia and the sponge Chondropsis topsentii. Fourteen cryptogenic category one taxa (C1: those whose identity as native or non-indigenous is ambiguous) were also recorded from the literature describing Kaikoura. • The initial port baseline survey of Kaikoura recorded a total of 411 species or higher taxa. The collection consisted of 296 native taxa, four non-indigenous species, eight cryptogenic category one taxa, 20 cryptogenic category two taxa (species that have recently been discovered but for which there is insufficient biogeographic or taxonomic information to determine the native provenance), and zooplankton (which were screened for target non-indigenous species but otherwise not identified), with the remaining 82 taxa being indeterminate (unable to be identified to species level). • The four non-indigenous species (NIS) recorded from the initial baseline survey of Kaikoura included the amphipod Jassa slatteryi, the hydroid Pennaria disticha, the brown alga Undaria pinnatifida and the sponge Dendya clathrata. The eight C1 taxa were represented by the polychaete worm species complex Capitella “capitata”, the ascidians Didemnum sp., Cystodytes dellechiajei, Corella eumyota and Botrylloides leachi, and the sponges Leucosolenia cf. discoveryi, Callyspongia diffusa and Crella incrustans. All of these have been previously recorded in New Zealand. However, the record of the NIS sponge Dendya clathrata from the Kaikoura port survey represents an extension to the known range of this species in New Zealand. • The 12 NIS and C1 taxa collected during the Kaikoura port survey were represented by 29 records. They occurred in samples collected by seven different sampling methods, in water depths ranging from the intertidal to below 20 m depth. Almost half of these records came from pile scrapings at depths of 5 m or less. Benthic sleds and diver visual surveys yielded the next greatest numbers of NIS & C1 taxon records. • The greatest number of NIS and C1 taxa were recorded during the port survey from • All of the taxa recorded from the first port baseline survey of Kaikoura have been recorded previously in New Zealand. • One of the species recorded from the Kaikoura port survey, the Asian seaweed Undaria pinnatifida, is currently listed on the New Zealand Register of Unwanted Organisms. It is also listed on the Australian CCIMPE Trigger List along with four other taxa recorded from the Kaikoura baseline survey - the ascidian Didemnum sp. (considered C1 in New Zealand) and the three diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia australis, Chaetoceros concavicornis and C. convolutus (all considered native in New Zealand). Undaria pinnatifida is also on an Australian list of 53 Australian priority domestic pests. Another species on the Australian priority domestic pest list, the mollusc Chiton glaucus (considered native in New Zealand), was recorded during the desktop review of existing marine species records from Kaikoura. Another three species recorded from the Kaikoura port survey, the three diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia australis, Chaetoceros concavicornis and C. convolutus (all considered native in New Zealand), are included on the companion Australian list of 37 priority international pests. • Three toxin-producing species were recorded during the Kaikoura port baseline survey – the native dinoflagellates Dinophysis acuminata and D. tripos and the native diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis. Cyst specimens of another dinoflagellate genus known to contain toxin-producing species, Alexandrium sp., were also collected during the Kaikoura port survey, but could not be identified to species level. Another two native diatoms recorded during the port survey, Chaetoceros convolutus and C. concavicornis, are considered harmful to fish due to their barbed setae, but are not directly toxic. • Two hundred and fifty of the 328 taxa (76 %) that were identified in the port survey were not represented amongst the 510 taxa recorded during the desktop review. The port baseline survey thus represents a valuable addition to the knowledge of the flora and fauna of the Kaikoura area. The low overlap in species composition between the desktop review of existing marine species records and the records from the port baseline survey can be attributed to variation in sampling effort and technique between surveys and to the differences in time-frame over which the records were accumulated (i.e. single snap-shot survey versus accumulation of historical records). • Most non-indigenous and C1 taxa recorded during the Kaikorua survey or desktop review are likely to have been introduced to New Zealand accidentally by international shipping, associated with fisheries or spread from other locations in New Zealand (including translocation by shipping). • There is little shipping traffic operating in Kaikoura, and those that do operate there are generally ecotourism, fishing or recreation vessels. This lack of shipping activity significantly reduces the risk of introduction of new marine species to the area. • The distribution of NIS and C1 taxa in the Kaikoura area appears to be centred around the three main wharf or slipway areas (Fyffe Cove slipway, the South Bay area, and the Ingles Bay area). It is suggested that regular maintenance and surveillance of these areas and the vessels using them will reduce the likelihood of NIS and C1 taxa becoming established at Kaikoura and prevent them from being translocated to other locations in New Zealand.
@techreport{inglis_kaikoura_2009,
address = {Christchurch},
type = {{NIWA} {Client} {Report}},
title = {Kaikoura: {First} baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species},
url = {https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/32824-kaikoura-first-baseline-survey-for-non-indigenous-marine-species-research-project-zbs200519},
abstract = {{\textless}i{\textgreater}Executive summary
{\textless}/i{\textgreater}
• This report describes the results of the first port baseline survey of Kaikoura, undertaken in May 2007. The survey provides an inventory of native, non indigenous and cryptogenic marine taxa in Kaikoura and the surrounding coastal area and compares the biota with existing marine species records from the area.
• The survey is part of a nationwide investigation of native and non-native marine biodiversity in New Zealand’s shipping ports and marinas of first entry for vessels entering New Zealand from overseas.
• Sampling methods used in these surveys were based on protocols developed by the Australian Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) for baseline surveys of non-indigenous species in ports. Some variations to these protocols were necessary for use in the marine environments of Kaikoura.
• A wide range of sampling techniques were used to collect marine organisms from habitats within Kaikoura. Fouling assemblages were scraped from hard substrata by divers, benthic assemblages were sampled using an anchor box dredge, large hand corer and diver visual transects, and a gravity corer or small hand corer was used to sample for dinoflagellate cysts. Phytoplankton and zooplankton were sampled with fine-meshed plankton nets. Mobile predators and scavengers were sampled using baited crab and shrimp traps, and fish were sampled with poison stations and beach seine netting. Beach wrack was surveyed on visual walks along selected shorelines. Sediment samples were also collected to analyse organic content and particle size.
• Sampling effort was distributed in Kaikoura and surrounding coastal environments according to priorities identified by MAF Biosecurity New Zealand. In total, 21 sites were sampled during the survey.
• Organisms collected during the survey were sent to New Zealand and international taxonomic experts for identification.
• Prior to the port baseline survey, a desktop review was conducted to compile an inventory of non-indigenous marine species that have been recorded previously from Kaikoura and surrounding areas. Eight non-indigenous species were recorded from the literature describing the Kaikoura marine flora and fauna. These include the polychaete worm Dipolydora armata, amphipod Monocorophium sextonae, salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, hydroid Obelia longissima, brown algae Punctaria latifolia, Sargassum verruculosum and Undaria pinnatifia and the sponge Chondropsis topsentii. Fourteen cryptogenic category one taxa (C1: those whose identity as native or non-indigenous is ambiguous) were also recorded from the literature describing Kaikoura.
• The initial port baseline survey of Kaikoura recorded a total of 411 species or higher taxa. The collection consisted of 296 native taxa, four non-indigenous species, eight cryptogenic category one taxa, 20 cryptogenic category two taxa (species that have recently been discovered but for which there is insufficient biogeographic or taxonomic information to determine the native provenance), and zooplankton (which were screened for target non-indigenous species but otherwise not identified), with the remaining 82 taxa being indeterminate (unable to be identified to species level).
• The four non-indigenous species (NIS) recorded from the initial baseline survey of Kaikoura included the amphipod Jassa slatteryi, the hydroid Pennaria disticha, the brown alga Undaria pinnatifida and the sponge Dendya clathrata. The eight C1 taxa were represented by the polychaete worm species complex Capitella “capitata”, the ascidians Didemnum sp., Cystodytes dellechiajei, Corella eumyota and Botrylloides leachi, and the sponges Leucosolenia cf. discoveryi, Callyspongia diffusa and Crella incrustans. All of these have been previously recorded in New Zealand. However, the record of the NIS sponge Dendya clathrata from the Kaikoura port survey represents an extension to the known range of this species in New Zealand.
• The 12 NIS and C1 taxa collected during the Kaikoura port survey were represented by 29 records. They occurred in samples collected by seven different sampling methods, in water depths ranging from the intertidal to below 20 m depth. Almost half of these records came from pile scrapings at depths of 5 m or less. Benthic sleds and diver visual surveys yielded the next greatest numbers of NIS \& C1 taxon records.
• The greatest number of NIS and C1 taxa were recorded during the port survey from
• All of the taxa recorded from the first port baseline survey of Kaikoura have been recorded previously in New Zealand.
• One of the species recorded from the Kaikoura port survey, the Asian seaweed Undaria pinnatifida, is currently listed on the New Zealand Register of Unwanted Organisms. It is also listed on the Australian CCIMPE Trigger List along with four other taxa recorded from the Kaikoura baseline survey - the ascidian Didemnum sp. (considered C1 in New Zealand) and the three diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia australis, Chaetoceros concavicornis and C. convolutus (all considered native in New Zealand). Undaria pinnatifida is also on an Australian list of 53 Australian priority domestic pests. Another species on the Australian priority domestic pest list, the mollusc Chiton glaucus (considered native in New Zealand), was recorded during the desktop review of existing marine species records from Kaikoura. Another three species recorded from the Kaikoura port survey, the three diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia australis, Chaetoceros concavicornis and C. convolutus (all considered native in New Zealand), are included on the companion Australian list of 37 priority international pests.
• Three toxin-producing species were recorded during the Kaikoura port baseline survey – the native dinoflagellates Dinophysis acuminata and D. tripos and the native diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis. Cyst specimens of another dinoflagellate genus known to contain toxin-producing species, Alexandrium sp., were also collected during the Kaikoura port survey, but could not be identified to species level. Another two native diatoms recorded during the port survey, Chaetoceros convolutus and C. concavicornis, are considered harmful to fish due to their barbed setae, but are not directly toxic.
• Two hundred and fifty of the 328 taxa (76 \%) that were identified in the port survey were not represented amongst the 510 taxa recorded during the desktop review. The port baseline survey thus represents a valuable addition to the knowledge of the flora and fauna of the Kaikoura area. The low overlap in species composition between the desktop review of existing marine species records and the records from the port baseline survey can be attributed to variation in sampling effort and technique between surveys and to the differences in time-frame over which the records were accumulated (i.e. single snap-shot survey versus accumulation of historical records).
• Most non-indigenous and C1 taxa recorded during the Kaikorua survey or desktop review are likely to have been introduced to New Zealand accidentally by international shipping, associated with fisheries or spread from other locations in New Zealand (including translocation by shipping).
• There is little shipping traffic operating in Kaikoura, and those that do operate there are generally ecotourism, fishing or recreation vessels. This lack of shipping activity significantly reduces the risk of introduction of new marine species to the area.
• The distribution of NIS and C1 taxa in the Kaikoura area appears to be centred around the three main wharf or slipway areas (Fyffe Cove slipway, the South Bay area, and the Ingles Bay area). It is suggested that regular maintenance and surveillance of these areas and the vessels using them will reduce the likelihood of NIS and C1 taxa becoming established at Kaikoura and prevent them from being translocated to other locations in New Zealand.},
institution = {NIWA},
author = {Inglis, G. J. and Kospartov, Marie and Seaward, Kimberley and Schimanski, Kate and Peacock, Lisa and Gust, N. and Hoe, Chang and Read, Geoffrey and Ahyong, Shane T. and Burnett, Jill and Cox, Serena L.},
month = jun,
year = {2009},
keywords = {Biosecurity, Cryptogenic, Introduced taxa, Kaikoura, MAF, Marine species, NIS, New Zealand, Non-indigenous marine species, Port surveys, biological invasions},
pages = {153 pp.},
}
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{"_id":"fBqfXnStH7RJXst7s","bibbaseid":"inglis-kospartov-seaward-schimanski-peacock-gust-hoe-read-etal-kaikourafirstbaselinesurveyfornonindigenousmarinespecies-2009","author_short":["Inglis, G. J.","Kospartov, M.","Seaward, K.","Schimanski, K.","Peacock, L.","Gust, N.","Hoe, C.","Read, G.","Ahyong, S. T.","Burnett, J.","Cox, S. L."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"techreport","type":"NIWA Client Report","address":"Christchurch","title":"Kaikoura: First baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species","url":"https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/32824-kaikoura-first-baseline-survey-for-non-indigenous-marine-species-research-project-zbs200519","abstract":"\\textlessi\\textgreaterExecutive summary \\textless/i\\textgreater • This report describes the results of the first port baseline survey of Kaikoura, undertaken in May 2007. The survey provides an inventory of native, non indigenous and cryptogenic marine taxa in Kaikoura and the surrounding coastal area and compares the biota with existing marine species records from the area. • The survey is part of a nationwide investigation of native and non-native marine biodiversity in New Zealand’s shipping ports and marinas of first entry for vessels entering New Zealand from overseas. • Sampling methods used in these surveys were based on protocols developed by the Australian Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) for baseline surveys of non-indigenous species in ports. Some variations to these protocols were necessary for use in the marine environments of Kaikoura. • A wide range of sampling techniques were used to collect marine organisms from habitats within Kaikoura. Fouling assemblages were scraped from hard substrata by divers, benthic assemblages were sampled using an anchor box dredge, large hand corer and diver visual transects, and a gravity corer or small hand corer was used to sample for dinoflagellate cysts. Phytoplankton and zooplankton were sampled with fine-meshed plankton nets. Mobile predators and scavengers were sampled using baited crab and shrimp traps, and fish were sampled with poison stations and beach seine netting. Beach wrack was surveyed on visual walks along selected shorelines. Sediment samples were also collected to analyse organic content and particle size. • Sampling effort was distributed in Kaikoura and surrounding coastal environments according to priorities identified by MAF Biosecurity New Zealand. In total, 21 sites were sampled during the survey. • Organisms collected during the survey were sent to New Zealand and international taxonomic experts for identification. • Prior to the port baseline survey, a desktop review was conducted to compile an inventory of non-indigenous marine species that have been recorded previously from Kaikoura and surrounding areas. Eight non-indigenous species were recorded from the literature describing the Kaikoura marine flora and fauna. These include the polychaete worm Dipolydora armata, amphipod Monocorophium sextonae, salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, hydroid Obelia longissima, brown algae Punctaria latifolia, Sargassum verruculosum and Undaria pinnatifia and the sponge Chondropsis topsentii. Fourteen cryptogenic category one taxa (C1: those whose identity as native or non-indigenous is ambiguous) were also recorded from the literature describing Kaikoura. • The initial port baseline survey of Kaikoura recorded a total of 411 species or higher taxa. The collection consisted of 296 native taxa, four non-indigenous species, eight cryptogenic category one taxa, 20 cryptogenic category two taxa (species that have recently been discovered but for which there is insufficient biogeographic or taxonomic information to determine the native provenance), and zooplankton (which were screened for target non-indigenous species but otherwise not identified), with the remaining 82 taxa being indeterminate (unable to be identified to species level). • The four non-indigenous species (NIS) recorded from the initial baseline survey of Kaikoura included the amphipod Jassa slatteryi, the hydroid Pennaria disticha, the brown alga Undaria pinnatifida and the sponge Dendya clathrata. The eight C1 taxa were represented by the polychaete worm species complex Capitella “capitata”, the ascidians Didemnum sp., Cystodytes dellechiajei, Corella eumyota and Botrylloides leachi, and the sponges Leucosolenia cf. discoveryi, Callyspongia diffusa and Crella incrustans. All of these have been previously recorded in New Zealand. However, the record of the NIS sponge Dendya clathrata from the Kaikoura port survey represents an extension to the known range of this species in New Zealand. • The 12 NIS and C1 taxa collected during the Kaikoura port survey were represented by 29 records. They occurred in samples collected by seven different sampling methods, in water depths ranging from the intertidal to below 20 m depth. Almost half of these records came from pile scrapings at depths of 5 m or less. Benthic sleds and diver visual surveys yielded the next greatest numbers of NIS & C1 taxon records. • The greatest number of NIS and C1 taxa were recorded during the port survey from • All of the taxa recorded from the first port baseline survey of Kaikoura have been recorded previously in New Zealand. • One of the species recorded from the Kaikoura port survey, the Asian seaweed Undaria pinnatifida, is currently listed on the New Zealand Register of Unwanted Organisms. It is also listed on the Australian CCIMPE Trigger List along with four other taxa recorded from the Kaikoura baseline survey - the ascidian Didemnum sp. (considered C1 in New Zealand) and the three diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia australis, Chaetoceros concavicornis and C. convolutus (all considered native in New Zealand). Undaria pinnatifida is also on an Australian list of 53 Australian priority domestic pests. Another species on the Australian priority domestic pest list, the mollusc Chiton glaucus (considered native in New Zealand), was recorded during the desktop review of existing marine species records from Kaikoura. Another three species recorded from the Kaikoura port survey, the three diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia australis, Chaetoceros concavicornis and C. convolutus (all considered native in New Zealand), are included on the companion Australian list of 37 priority international pests. • Three toxin-producing species were recorded during the Kaikoura port baseline survey – the native dinoflagellates Dinophysis acuminata and D. tripos and the native diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis. Cyst specimens of another dinoflagellate genus known to contain toxin-producing species, Alexandrium sp., were also collected during the Kaikoura port survey, but could not be identified to species level. Another two native diatoms recorded during the port survey, Chaetoceros convolutus and C. concavicornis, are considered harmful to fish due to their barbed setae, but are not directly toxic. • Two hundred and fifty of the 328 taxa (76 %) that were identified in the port survey were not represented amongst the 510 taxa recorded during the desktop review. The port baseline survey thus represents a valuable addition to the knowledge of the flora and fauna of the Kaikoura area. The low overlap in species composition between the desktop review of existing marine species records and the records from the port baseline survey can be attributed to variation in sampling effort and technique between surveys and to the differences in time-frame over which the records were accumulated (i.e. single snap-shot survey versus accumulation of historical records). • Most non-indigenous and C1 taxa recorded during the Kaikorua survey or desktop review are likely to have been introduced to New Zealand accidentally by international shipping, associated with fisheries or spread from other locations in New Zealand (including translocation by shipping). • There is little shipping traffic operating in Kaikoura, and those that do operate there are generally ecotourism, fishing or recreation vessels. This lack of shipping activity significantly reduces the risk of introduction of new marine species to the area. • The distribution of NIS and C1 taxa in the Kaikoura area appears to be centred around the three main wharf or slipway areas (Fyffe Cove slipway, the South Bay area, and the Ingles Bay area). It is suggested that regular maintenance and surveillance of these areas and the vessels using them will reduce the likelihood of NIS and C1 taxa becoming established at Kaikoura and prevent them from being translocated to other locations in New Zealand.","institution":"NIWA","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Inglis"],"firstnames":["G.","J."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Kospartov"],"firstnames":["Marie"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Seaward"],"firstnames":["Kimberley"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Schimanski"],"firstnames":["Kate"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Peacock"],"firstnames":["Lisa"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Gust"],"firstnames":["N."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Hoe"],"firstnames":["Chang"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Read"],"firstnames":["Geoffrey"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Ahyong"],"firstnames":["Shane","T."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Burnett"],"firstnames":["Jill"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Cox"],"firstnames":["Serena","L."],"suffixes":[]}],"month":"June","year":"2009","keywords":"Biosecurity, Cryptogenic, Introduced taxa, Kaikoura, MAF, Marine species, NIS, New Zealand, Non-indigenous marine species, Port surveys, biological invasions","pages":"153 pp.","bibtex":"@techreport{inglis_kaikoura_2009,\n\taddress = {Christchurch},\n\ttype = {{NIWA} {Client} {Report}},\n\ttitle = {Kaikoura: {First} baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species},\n\turl = {https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/32824-kaikoura-first-baseline-survey-for-non-indigenous-marine-species-research-project-zbs200519},\n\tabstract = {{\\textless}i{\\textgreater}Executive summary\n{\\textless}/i{\\textgreater}\n•\tThis report describes the results of the first port baseline survey of Kaikoura, undertaken in May 2007. The survey provides an inventory of native, non indigenous and cryptogenic marine taxa in Kaikoura and the surrounding coastal area and compares the biota with existing marine species records from the area. \n•\tThe survey is part of a nationwide investigation of native and non-native marine biodiversity in New Zealand’s shipping ports and marinas of first entry for vessels entering New Zealand from overseas. \n•\tSampling methods used in these surveys were based on protocols developed by the Australian Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) for baseline surveys of non-indigenous species in ports. Some variations to these protocols were necessary for use in the marine environments of Kaikoura. \n•\tA wide range of sampling techniques were used to collect marine organisms from habitats within Kaikoura. Fouling assemblages were scraped from hard substrata by divers, benthic assemblages were sampled using an anchor box dredge, large hand corer and diver visual transects, and a gravity corer or small hand corer was used to sample for dinoflagellate cysts. Phytoplankton and zooplankton were sampled with fine-meshed plankton nets. Mobile predators and scavengers were sampled using baited crab and shrimp traps, and fish were sampled with poison stations and beach seine netting. Beach wrack was surveyed on visual walks along selected shorelines. Sediment samples were also collected to analyse organic content and particle size. \n•\tSampling effort was distributed in Kaikoura and surrounding coastal environments according to priorities identified by MAF Biosecurity New Zealand. In total, 21 sites were sampled during the survey.\n•\tOrganisms collected during the survey were sent to New Zealand and international taxonomic experts for identification.\n•\tPrior to the port baseline survey, a desktop review was conducted to compile an inventory of non-indigenous marine species that have been recorded previously from Kaikoura and surrounding areas. Eight non-indigenous species were recorded from the literature describing the Kaikoura marine flora and fauna. These include the polychaete worm Dipolydora armata, amphipod Monocorophium sextonae, salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, hydroid Obelia longissima, brown algae Punctaria latifolia, Sargassum verruculosum and Undaria pinnatifia and the sponge Chondropsis topsentii. Fourteen cryptogenic category one taxa (C1: those whose identity as native or non-indigenous is ambiguous) were also recorded from the literature describing Kaikoura. \n•\tThe initial port baseline survey of Kaikoura recorded a total of 411 species or higher taxa. The collection consisted of 296 native taxa, four non-indigenous species, eight cryptogenic category one taxa, 20 cryptogenic category two taxa (species that have recently been discovered but for which there is insufficient biogeographic or taxonomic information to determine the native provenance), and zooplankton (which were screened for target non-indigenous species but otherwise not identified), with the remaining 82 taxa being indeterminate (unable to be identified to species level). \n•\tThe four non-indigenous species (NIS) recorded from the initial baseline survey of Kaikoura included the amphipod Jassa slatteryi, the hydroid Pennaria disticha, the brown alga Undaria pinnatifida and the sponge Dendya clathrata. The eight C1 taxa were represented by the polychaete worm species complex Capitella “capitata”, the ascidians Didemnum sp., Cystodytes dellechiajei, Corella eumyota and Botrylloides leachi, and the sponges Leucosolenia cf. discoveryi, Callyspongia diffusa and Crella incrustans. All of these have been previously recorded in New Zealand. However, the record of the NIS sponge Dendya clathrata from the Kaikoura port survey represents an extension to the known range of this species in New Zealand. \n•\tThe 12 NIS and C1 taxa collected during the Kaikoura port survey were represented by 29 records. They occurred in samples collected by seven different sampling methods, in water depths ranging from the intertidal to below 20 m depth. Almost half of these records came from pile scrapings at depths of 5 m or less. Benthic sleds and diver visual surveys yielded the next greatest numbers of NIS \\& C1 taxon records. \n•\tThe greatest number of NIS and C1 taxa were recorded during the port survey from \n•\tAll of the taxa recorded from the first port baseline survey of Kaikoura have been recorded previously in New Zealand. \n•\tOne of the species recorded from the Kaikoura port survey, the Asian seaweed Undaria pinnatifida, is currently listed on the New Zealand Register of Unwanted Organisms. It is also listed on the Australian CCIMPE Trigger List along with four other taxa recorded from the Kaikoura baseline survey - the ascidian Didemnum sp. (considered C1 in New Zealand) and the three diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia australis, Chaetoceros concavicornis and C. convolutus (all considered native in New Zealand). Undaria pinnatifida is also on an Australian list of 53 Australian priority domestic pests. Another species on the Australian priority domestic pest list, the mollusc Chiton glaucus (considered native in New Zealand), was recorded during the desktop review of existing marine species records from Kaikoura. Another three species recorded from the Kaikoura port survey, the three diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia australis, Chaetoceros concavicornis and C. convolutus (all considered native in New Zealand), are included on the companion Australian list of 37 priority international pests. \n•\tThree toxin-producing species were recorded during the Kaikoura port baseline survey – the native dinoflagellates Dinophysis acuminata and D. tripos and the native diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis. Cyst specimens of another dinoflagellate genus known to contain toxin-producing species, Alexandrium sp., were also collected during the Kaikoura port survey, but could not be identified to species level. Another two native diatoms recorded during the port survey, Chaetoceros convolutus and C. concavicornis, are considered harmful to fish due to their barbed setae, but are not directly toxic. \n•\tTwo hundred and fifty of the 328 taxa (76 \\%) that were identified in the port survey were not represented amongst the 510 taxa recorded during the desktop review. The port baseline survey thus represents a valuable addition to the knowledge of the flora and fauna of the Kaikoura area. The low overlap in species composition between the desktop review of existing marine species records and the records from the port baseline survey can be attributed to variation in sampling effort and technique between surveys and to the differences in time-frame over which the records were accumulated (i.e. single snap-shot survey versus accumulation of historical records). \n•\tMost non-indigenous and C1 taxa recorded during the Kaikorua survey or desktop review are likely to have been introduced to New Zealand accidentally by international shipping, associated with fisheries or spread from other locations in New Zealand (including translocation by shipping).\n•\tThere is little shipping traffic operating in Kaikoura, and those that do operate there are generally ecotourism, fishing or recreation vessels. This lack of shipping activity significantly reduces the risk of introduction of new marine species to the area.\n•\tThe distribution of NIS and C1 taxa in the Kaikoura area appears to be centred around the three main wharf or slipway areas (Fyffe Cove slipway, the South Bay area, and the Ingles Bay area). It is suggested that regular maintenance and surveillance of these areas and the vessels using them will reduce the likelihood of NIS and C1 taxa becoming established at Kaikoura and prevent them from being translocated to other locations in New Zealand.},\n\tinstitution = {NIWA},\n\tauthor = {Inglis, G. J. and Kospartov, Marie and Seaward, Kimberley and Schimanski, Kate and Peacock, Lisa and Gust, N. and Hoe, Chang and Read, Geoffrey and Ahyong, Shane T. and Burnett, Jill and Cox, Serena L.},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2009},\n\tkeywords = {Biosecurity, Cryptogenic, Introduced taxa, Kaikoura, MAF, Marine species, NIS, New Zealand, Non-indigenous marine species, Port surveys, biological invasions},\n\tpages = {153 pp.},\n}\n\n","author_short":["Inglis, G. J.","Kospartov, M.","Seaward, K.","Schimanski, K.","Peacock, L.","Gust, N.","Hoe, C.","Read, G.","Ahyong, S. T.","Burnett, J.","Cox, S. L."],"key":"inglis_kaikoura_2009","id":"inglis_kaikoura_2009","bibbaseid":"inglis-kospartov-seaward-schimanski-peacock-gust-hoe-read-etal-kaikourafirstbaselinesurveyfornonindigenousmarinespecies-2009","role":"author","urls":{"Paper":"https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/32824-kaikoura-first-baseline-survey-for-non-indigenous-marine-species-research-project-zbs200519"},"keyword":["Biosecurity","Cryptogenic","Introduced taxa","Kaikoura","MAF","Marine species","NIS","New Zealand","Non-indigenous marine species","Port surveys","biological invasions"],"metadata":{"authorlinks":{}}},"bibtype":"techreport","biburl":"https://api.zotero.org/groups/1780128/items?key=mkYJdVcVZD5yyS6bAqdHVlVs&format=bibtex&limit=100","dataSources":["DzoRvg3v4wt7w44ED"],"keywords":["biosecurity","cryptogenic","introduced taxa","kaikoura","maf","marine species","nis","new zealand","non-indigenous marine species","port surveys","biological invasions"],"search_terms":["kaikoura","first","baseline","survey","non","indigenous","marine","species","inglis","kospartov","seaward","schimanski","peacock","gust","hoe","read","ahyong","burnett","cox"],"title":"Kaikoura: First baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species","year":2009}