Gulf Harbour Marina: Second baseline survey for non-indenous marine species. Inglis, G. J., Schimanski, K., van den Brink, A., Kospartov, M., Neil, K., Cox, S. L., Nelson, W., Ahyong, S. T., Read, G., & Page, M. Technical Report MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Technical Paper No: 2019/05, NIWA, Christchurch, June, 2006.
Gulf Harbour Marina: Second baseline survey for non-indenous marine species [link]Paper  abstract   bibtex   
This report describes the results of a repeat port baseline survey of the Gulf Harbour Marina undertaken in April 2006. The survey provides a second inventory of native, non-indigenous and cryptogenic marine taxa within the port and compares the biota with that recorded during an earlier port baseline survey of the Gulf Harbour Marina undertaken in April 2003. The survey is part of a nationwide investigation of native and non-native marine biodiversity in 25 international shipping ports and five marinas of first entry for yachts entering New Zealand from overseas. To allow a direct comparison between the initial baseline survey and the resurvey of the Gulf Harbour Marina, the survey used the same methodologies and sampled the same sites (where possible) as in the initial baseline survey. To improve the description of the biota of the marina, some additional survey sites were added during the repeat survey. Sampling methods used in both surveys were based on protocols developed by the Australian Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) for baseline surveys of non-indigenous species (NIS) in ports. Modifications were made to the CRIMP protocols for use in New Zealand port and marina conditions. These are described in more detail in the body of the report. A wide range of sampling techniques were used to collect marine organisms from habitats within the Gulf Harbour Marina. Fouling assemblages were scraped from hard substrata by divers, benthic assemblages were sampled using a sled and benthic grabs, and a gravity corer was used to sample for dinoflagellate cysts. Mobile predators and scavengers were sampled using baited fish, crab, seastar and shrimp traps. Sampling effort was distributed in the Gulf Harbour Marina according to priorities identified in the CRIMP protocols, which are designed to maximise the chances of detecting non-indigenous species. Most effort was concentrated on high-risk locations and habitats where non-indigenous species were most likely to be found. Organisms collected during the survey were sent to local and international taxonomic experts for identification. As a result of ongoing taxonomic work, some identifications made during the initial baseline survey of the Gulf Harbour Marina have undergone revision since the publication of that report. The revised data indicate that a total of 123 species or higher taxa were identified in the first survey of the Gulf Harbour Marina in April 2003. They consisted of 78 native species, 14 non-indigenous species, 17 cryptogenic taxa (those whose geographic origins are uncertain) and 14 indeterminate taxa (taxa for which there is insufficient taxonomic or systematic information available to allow identification to species level). During the repeat survey, 146 species or higher taxa were recorded, including 79 native species, 23 non-indigenous species, 13 cryptogenic taxa and 31 indeterminate taxa. Many species were common to both surveys. Around 54 % of the native species, 48 % of the non-indigenous species and 46 % of the cryptogenic taxa recorded during the repeat survey were also found in the earlier survey. The 23 non-indigenous species found in the repeat survey of the Gulf Harbour Marina included representatives of six phyla. The non-indigenous species detected were: (Annelida) Hydroides ezoensis, Hydroides elegans, Pseudopolydora corniculata, Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata; (Arthropoda) Apocorophium acutum, Monocorophium acherusicum, Amphibalanus amphitrite; (Bryozoa) Bugula neritina, B. stolonifera, Schizoporella errata, Watersipora subtorquata, Watersipora arcuata, Celleporaria aperta, Bowerbankia gracilis, Scrupocellaria n. sp., Zoobotryon verticillatum; (Chordata) Ascidiella aspersa, Diplosoma listerianum, Styela clava (Mollusca) Musculista senhousia, Crassostrea gigas, Theora lubrica; and (Porifera) Vosmaeropsis cf. macera. Eleven of these species - Pseudopolydora corniculata, Pseudopolydora paucibranchia, Monocorophium acherusicum, Amphibalanus amphitrite, Bugula stolonifera, Watersipora arcuata, Celleporaria apera, Bowerbankia gracilis, Diplosoma listerianum, Styela clava and Musculista senhousia - were not recorded in the earlier baseline survey of the Gulf Harbour Marina. In addition, three non-indigenous species that were recorded in the first survey – (Arthropoda) Ericthonius pugnax; (Mollusca) Limaria orientalis and (Ochrophyta) Cutleria multifida – were not found during the repeat survey. No species recorded in the repeat survey were new records for New Zealand waters. One species recorded during the second survey of the Gulf Harbour Marina – the club tunicate Styela clava - is on the New Zealand Register of Unwanted Organisms. Most non-indigenous species located in the marina are likely to have been introduced to New Zealand accidentally by international shipping or spread from other locations in New Zealand (including translocation by shipping). Approximately 58 % (15 of 26 species) of NIS recorded in the two Gulf Harbour Marina baseline surveys are likely to have been introduced in biofouling assemblages, 2 % (one species) via ballast water and 31 % (eight species) could have been introduced by either ballast water or biofouling vectors and for 2 % (one species) the method of introduction is unknown. The predominance of biofouling species in the introduced biota of the Gulf Harbour Marina (as opposed to ballast water introductions) is consistent with findings from similar port baseline studies overseas and in New Zealand.
@techreport{inglis_gulf_2006,
	address = {Christchurch},
	type = {{NIWA} {Client} {Report}},
	title = {Gulf {Harbour} {Marina}: {Second} baseline survey for non-indenous marine species},
	url = {https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/32821-gulf-harbour-marina-second-baseline-survey-for-non-indigenous-marinespecies-research-project-zbs200518},
	abstract = {This report describes the results of a repeat port baseline survey of the Gulf Harbour Marina undertaken in April 2006. The survey provides a second inventory of native, non-indigenous and cryptogenic marine taxa within the port and compares the biota with that recorded during an earlier port baseline survey of the Gulf Harbour Marina undertaken in April 2003. 

The survey is part of a nationwide investigation of native and non-native marine biodiversity in 25 international shipping ports and five marinas of first entry for yachts entering New Zealand from overseas. 

To allow a direct comparison between the initial baseline survey and the resurvey of the Gulf Harbour Marina, the survey used the same methodologies and sampled the same sites (where possible) as in the initial baseline survey. To improve the description of the biota of the marina, some additional survey sites were added during the repeat survey. 

Sampling methods used in both surveys were based on protocols developed by the Australian Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) for baseline surveys of non-indigenous species (NIS) in ports. Modifications were made to the CRIMP protocols for use in New Zealand port and marina conditions. These are described in more detail in the body of the report. 

A wide range of sampling techniques were used to collect marine organisms from habitats within the Gulf Harbour Marina. Fouling assemblages were scraped from hard substrata by divers, benthic assemblages were sampled using a sled and benthic grabs, and a gravity corer was used to sample for dinoflagellate cysts. Mobile predators and scavengers were sampled using baited fish, crab, seastar and shrimp traps. 

Sampling effort was distributed in the Gulf Harbour Marina according to priorities identified in the CRIMP protocols, which are designed to maximise the chances of detecting non-indigenous species. Most effort was concentrated on high-risk locations and habitats where non-indigenous species were most likely to be found. 

Organisms collected during the survey were sent to local and international taxonomic experts for identification. 

As a result of ongoing taxonomic work, some identifications made during the initial baseline survey of the Gulf Harbour Marina have undergone revision since the publication of that report. The revised data indicate that a total of 123 species or higher taxa were identified in the first survey of the Gulf Harbour Marina in April 2003. They consisted of 78 native species, 14 non-indigenous species, 17 cryptogenic taxa (those whose geographic origins are uncertain) and 14 indeterminate taxa (taxa for which there is insufficient taxonomic or systematic information available to allow identification to species level). 

During the repeat survey, 146 species or higher taxa were recorded, including 79 native species, 23 non-indigenous species, 13 cryptogenic taxa and 31 indeterminate taxa. Many species were common to both surveys. Around 54 \% of the native species, 48 \% of the non-indigenous species and 46 \% of the cryptogenic taxa recorded during the repeat survey were also found in the earlier survey. 

The 23 non-indigenous species found in the repeat survey of the Gulf Harbour Marina included representatives of six phyla. The non-indigenous species detected were: (Annelida) Hydroides ezoensis, Hydroides elegans, Pseudopolydora corniculata, Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata; (Arthropoda) Apocorophium acutum, Monocorophium acherusicum, Amphibalanus amphitrite; (Bryozoa) Bugula neritina, 
B. stolonifera, Schizoporella errata, Watersipora subtorquata, Watersipora arcuata, Celleporaria aperta, Bowerbankia gracilis, Scrupocellaria n. sp., Zoobotryon verticillatum; (Chordata) Ascidiella aspersa, Diplosoma listerianum, Styela clava (Mollusca) Musculista senhousia, Crassostrea gigas, Theora lubrica; and (Porifera) Vosmaeropsis cf. macera. Eleven of these species - Pseudopolydora corniculata, Pseudopolydora paucibranchia, Monocorophium acherusicum, Amphibalanus amphitrite, Bugula stolonifera, Watersipora arcuata, Celleporaria apera, Bowerbankia gracilis, Diplosoma listerianum, Styela clava and Musculista senhousia 
- were not recorded in the earlier baseline survey of the Gulf Harbour Marina. In addition, three non-indigenous species that were recorded in the first survey – (Arthropoda) Ericthonius pugnax; (Mollusca) Limaria orientalis and (Ochrophyta) Cutleria multifida – were not found during the repeat survey. 

No species recorded in the repeat survey were new records for New Zealand waters. 
One species recorded during the second survey of the Gulf Harbour Marina – the club tunicate Styela clava - is on the New Zealand Register of Unwanted Organisms. 

Most non-indigenous species located in the marina are likely to have been introduced to New Zealand accidentally by international shipping or spread from other locations in New Zealand (including translocation by shipping). 

Approximately 58 \% (15 of 26 species) of NIS recorded in the two Gulf Harbour Marina baseline surveys are likely to have been introduced in biofouling assemblages, 2 \% (one species) via ballast water and 31 \% (eight species) could have been introduced by either ballast water or biofouling vectors and for 2 \% (one species) the method of introduction is unknown. 

The predominance of biofouling species in the introduced biota of the Gulf Harbour Marina (as opposed to ballast water introductions) is consistent with findings from similar port baseline studies overseas and in New Zealand.},
	number = {MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Technical Paper No: 2019/05},
	institution = {NIWA},
	author = {Inglis, G. J. and Schimanski, Kate and van den Brink, Anneke and Kospartov, Marie and Neil, Kerry and Cox, Serena L. and Nelson, Wendy and Ahyong, Shane T. and Read, Geoffrey and Page, Mike},
	month = jun,
	year = {2006},
	keywords = {Biosecurity, Cryptogenic, Gulf Harbour Marina, Introduced taxa, MAF, Marine species, NIS, New Zealand, Non-indigenous marine species, Port surveys, biological invasions},
	pages = {141 pp. + Appendices},
}
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