Kaipara Harbour & Marinas: Baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species. Inglis, G. J., Schimanski, K., van den Brink, A., Kospartov, M., Smith, M., Miller, S., Cox, S. L., Read, G., Burnett, J., Page, M., & Gordon, D. Technical Report NIWA, Christchurch, June, 2010. ![Kaipara Harbour & Marinas: Baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species [link]](https://bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg "link")
Paper abstract bibtex Executive summary • This report describes the results of the first port baseline survey of Kaipara Harbour, undertaken in September and October 2006. The survey provides an inventory of native, non indigenous and cryptogenic marine species within the fiord and surrounding coastal area and compares the biota with existing marine species records from the area. • The survey is part of a nationwide investigation of native and non-native marine biodiversity in New Zealand’s shipping ports and marinas of first entry for vessels entering New Zealand from overseas. • Sampling methods used in these surveys were based on protocols developed by the Australian Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) for baseline surveys of non-indigenous species in ports. Some variations to these protocols were necessary for use in the marine environments of Kaipara Harbour. • A wide range of sampling techniques was used to collect marine organisms from habitats within Kaipara Harbour. Fouling assemblages were scraped from hard substrata by divers, benthic assemblages were sampled using an anchor box dredge, large hand corer and diver visual transects, and a gravity corer or small hand corer was used to sample for dinoflagellate cysts. Phytoplankton and zooplankton were sampled with fine-meshed plankton nets. Mobile predators and scavengers were sampled using baited crab and shrimp traps, and fish were sampled with poison stations and beach seine netting. Beach wrack was surveyed on visual walks along selected shorelines. Sediment samples were also collected to analyse organic content and particle size. • Sampling effort was distributed in Kaipara Harbour and surrounding coastal environments according to priorities identified by MAF Biosecurity New Zealand. In total, 22 sites were sampled during the survey. • Organisms collected during the survey were sent to New Zealand and international taxonomic experts for identification. • Prior to the baseline survey, a desktop review was conducted to compile an inventory of non-indigenous marine species that have been recorded previously from Kaipara Harbour and surrounding areas. Seven non-indigenous species (the molluscs Musculista senhousia, Crassostrea gigas and Theora lubrica, the bryozoan Membraniporopsis tubigera and the magnoliophytes Spartina alterniflora, Spartina anglica and Spartina x townsendi) had been reported from within Kaipara Harbour. Four cryptogenic category one taxa (C1: those whose identity as native or non-indigenous is ambiguous) were also reported from within Kaipara Harbour. • The baseline survey of Kaipara Harbour recorded a total of 389 species or higher taxa. The collection consisted of 274 native taxa, 10 non-indigenous species (NIS), nine cryptogenic category one taxa, 18 cryptogenic category two taxa (species that have recently been discovered but for which there is insufficient biogeographic or taxonomic information to determine the native provenance), and zooplankton (which were screened for target non-indigenous species but otherwise not identified), with the remaining 77 taxa being indeterminate (unable to be identified to species level). • The ten species recorded in the survey known to be non-indigenous to New Zealand included the annelid Dipolydora armata, the crustaceans Jassa slatteryi and Pyromaia tuberculata, the bryozoans Conopeum seurati, Anguinella palmata and Bowerbankia gracilis, the molluscs Musculista senhousia, Crassostrea gigas and Theora lubrica and the sponge Amphilectus fucorum • The nine cryptogenic category one taxa recorded from the initial baseline survey included the crustacean Lysmata vittata, the ascidian Didemnum sp., the cnidarian Bougainvillia muscus, the dinoflagellates Gymnodinium catenatum, Alexandrium affine and Alexandrium catenella and the sponges Suberites cf. perfectus, Ciocalypta cf. pencillus and Callyspongia ramose. All of these taxa are known to have established populations within New Zealand, but the occurrence of three of them in Kaipara Harbour represents an extension of the known range in New Zealand (L. vittata, S. cf. perfectus and C. cf. pencillus). • The 19 NIS and C1 taxa were recorded from a total of only 72 of the 368 samples identified during the Kaipara Harbour survey, in water depths ranging from the intertidal zone to 28 m. the majority of these were anchor box dredges, pile scrapings and benthic sleds. • Four taxa recorded from the initial port baseline survey of Kaipara Harbour are new records from New Zealand waters, and may be new to science. These are the sponges Adocia new sp. 10, Haliclona new sp. 21, Eurypon new sp. 1 and Tedania new sp. 5. All of these are considered to be cryptogenic category 2 taxa (C2), as there is insufficient information to determine whether New Zealand lies within their native range. • None of the species recorded during the Kaipara Harbour survey or during the desktop review of existing species records are on the New Zealand register of unwanted organisms. However, two species are on the Australian CCIMPE Trigger List (the mollusc Musculista senhousia (NIS; recorded in both the survey and the desktop review) and the ascidian Didemnum sp. (C1; recorded only from the survey • Four toxin-producing dinoflagellates were recorded during the Kaipara Harbour port baseline survey – the native species Protoceratium reticulatum and the C1 taxa Alexandrium catenella, Gymnodinium catenatum and Alexandrium ostenfeldii. One native, toxin-producing diatom, Pseudo-nitzschia australis was also recorded. Another two native diatoms recorded during the port survey, Chaetoceros convolutes and Chaetoceros concavicornis are considered harmful to fish due to its barbed setae, but are not directly toxic. • There was only limited overlap in species composition between the desktop review of existing marine species records and the records from the port baseline survey. These differences can be attributed to variation in sampling effort and technique between surveys and to the differences in time-frame over which the records were accumulated (i.e. single snap-shot survey versus accumulation of historical records). • Most non-indigenous and C1 taxa recorded during the Kaipara Harbour port survey or desktop review are likely to have been introduced to New Zealand accidentally by spread from other locations in New Zealand (including translocation by shipping). • The councils in charge of Kaipara Harbour are implementing marine Biosecurity policies to protect the area from further invasion of NIS and C1 taxa, and from spread of those already present to other New Zealand locations.
@techreport{inglis_kaipara_2010,
address = {Christchurch},
type = {{NIWA} {Client} {Report}},
title = {Kaipara {Harbour} \& {Marinas}: {Baseline} survey for non-indigenous marine species},
url = {https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/32827-kaipara-harbour-and-marinas-baseline-survey-for-non-indigenous-marine-species-research-project-zbs200519},
abstract = {\textit{Executive summary}
• This report describes the results of the first port baseline survey of Kaipara Harbour, undertaken in September and October 2006. The survey provides an inventory of native, non indigenous and cryptogenic marine species within the fiord and surrounding coastal area and compares the biota with existing marine species records from the area.
• The survey is part of a nationwide investigation of native and non-native marine biodiversity in New Zealand’s shipping ports and marinas of first entry for vessels entering New Zealand from overseas.
• Sampling methods used in these surveys were based on protocols developed by the Australian Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) for baseline surveys of non-indigenous species in ports. Some variations to these protocols were necessary for use in the marine environments of Kaipara Harbour.
• A wide range of sampling techniques was used to collect marine organisms from habitats within Kaipara Harbour. Fouling assemblages were scraped from hard substrata by divers, benthic assemblages were sampled using an anchor box dredge, large hand corer and diver visual transects, and a gravity corer or small hand corer was used to sample for dinoflagellate cysts. Phytoplankton and zooplankton were sampled with fine-meshed plankton nets. Mobile predators and scavengers were sampled using baited crab and shrimp traps, and fish were sampled with poison stations and beach seine netting. Beach wrack was surveyed on visual walks along selected shorelines. Sediment samples were also collected to analyse organic content and particle size.
• Sampling effort was distributed in Kaipara Harbour and surrounding coastal environments according to priorities identified by MAF Biosecurity New Zealand. In total, 22 sites were sampled during the survey.
• Organisms collected during the survey were sent to New Zealand and international taxonomic experts for identification.
• Prior to the baseline survey, a desktop review was conducted to compile an inventory of non-indigenous marine species that have been recorded previously from Kaipara Harbour and surrounding areas. Seven non-indigenous species (the molluscs Musculista senhousia, Crassostrea gigas and Theora lubrica, the bryozoan Membraniporopsis tubigera and the magnoliophytes Spartina alterniflora, Spartina anglica and Spartina x townsendi) had been reported from within Kaipara Harbour. Four cryptogenic category one taxa (C1: those whose identity as native or non-indigenous is ambiguous) were also reported from within Kaipara Harbour.
• The baseline survey of Kaipara Harbour recorded a total of 389 species or higher taxa. The collection consisted of 274 native taxa, 10 non-indigenous species (NIS), nine cryptogenic category one taxa, 18 cryptogenic category two taxa (species that have recently been discovered but for which there is insufficient biogeographic or taxonomic information to determine the native provenance), and zooplankton (which were screened for target non-indigenous species but otherwise not identified), with the remaining 77 taxa being indeterminate (unable to be identified to species level).
• The ten species recorded in the survey known to be non-indigenous to New Zealand included the annelid Dipolydora armata, the crustaceans Jassa slatteryi and Pyromaia tuberculata, the bryozoans Conopeum seurati, Anguinella palmata and Bowerbankia gracilis, the molluscs Musculista senhousia, Crassostrea gigas and Theora lubrica and the sponge Amphilectus fucorum
• The nine cryptogenic category one taxa recorded from the initial baseline survey included the crustacean Lysmata vittata, the ascidian Didemnum sp., the cnidarian Bougainvillia muscus, the dinoflagellates Gymnodinium catenatum, Alexandrium affine and Alexandrium catenella and the sponges Suberites cf. perfectus, Ciocalypta cf. pencillus and Callyspongia ramose. All of these taxa are known to have established populations within New Zealand, but the occurrence of three of them in Kaipara Harbour represents an extension of the known range in New Zealand (L. vittata, S. cf. perfectus and C. cf. pencillus).
• The 19 NIS and C1 taxa were recorded from a total of only 72 of the 368 samples identified during the Kaipara Harbour survey, in water depths ranging from the intertidal zone to 28 m. the majority of these were anchor box dredges, pile scrapings and benthic sleds.
• Four taxa recorded from the initial port baseline survey of Kaipara Harbour are new records from New Zealand waters, and may be new to science. These are the sponges Adocia new sp. 10, Haliclona new sp. 21, Eurypon new sp. 1 and Tedania new sp. 5. All of these are considered to be cryptogenic category 2 taxa (C2), as there is insufficient information to determine whether New Zealand lies within their native range.
• None of the species recorded during the Kaipara Harbour survey or during the desktop review of existing species records are on the New Zealand register of unwanted organisms. However, two species are on the Australian CCIMPE Trigger List (the mollusc Musculista senhousia (NIS; recorded in both the survey and the desktop review) and the ascidian Didemnum sp. (C1; recorded only from the survey
• Four toxin-producing dinoflagellates were recorded during the Kaipara Harbour port baseline survey – the native species Protoceratium reticulatum and the C1 taxa Alexandrium catenella, Gymnodinium catenatum and Alexandrium ostenfeldii. One native, toxin-producing diatom, Pseudo-nitzschia australis was also recorded. Another two native diatoms recorded during the port survey, Chaetoceros convolutes and Chaetoceros concavicornis are considered harmful to fish due to its barbed setae, but are not directly toxic.
• There was only limited overlap in species composition between the desktop review of existing marine species records and the records from the port baseline survey. These differences can be attributed to variation in sampling effort and technique between surveys and to the differences in time-frame over which the records were accumulated (i.e. single snap-shot survey versus accumulation of historical records).
• Most non-indigenous and C1 taxa recorded during the Kaipara Harbour port survey or desktop review are likely to have been introduced to New Zealand accidentally by spread from other locations in New Zealand (including translocation by shipping).
• The councils in charge of Kaipara Harbour are implementing marine Biosecurity policies to protect the area from further invasion of NIS and C1 taxa, and from spread of those already present to other New Zealand locations.},
institution = {NIWA},
author = {Inglis, G. J. and Schimanski, Kate and van den Brink, Anneke and Kospartov, Marie and Smith, Matt and Miller, Sheryl and Cox, Serena L. and Read, Geoffrey and Burnett, Jill and Page, Mike and Gordon, Dennis},
month = jun,
year = {2010},
keywords = {Biosecurity, Cryptogenic, Introduced taxa, Kaipara Harbour, MAF, Marine species, NIS, New Zealand, Non-indigenous marine species, Port surveys, biological invasions},
pages = {151 pp.},
}
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{"_id":"nf5XcaEJWsmPwofR3","bibbaseid":"inglis-schimanski-vandenbrink-kospartov-smith-miller-cox-read-etal-kaiparaharbourmarinasbaselinesurveyfornonindigenousmarinespecies-2010","author_short":["Inglis, G. J.","Schimanski, K.","van den Brink, A.","Kospartov, M.","Smith, M.","Miller, S.","Cox, S. L.","Read, G.","Burnett, J.","Page, M.","Gordon, D."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"techreport","type":"NIWA Client Report","address":"Christchurch","title":"Kaipara Harbour & Marinas: Baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species","url":"https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/32827-kaipara-harbour-and-marinas-baseline-survey-for-non-indigenous-marine-species-research-project-zbs200519","abstract":"<i>Executive summary</i> • This report describes the results of the first port baseline survey of Kaipara Harbour, undertaken in September and October 2006. The survey provides an inventory of native, non indigenous and cryptogenic marine species within the fiord and surrounding coastal area and compares the biota with existing marine species records from the area. • The survey is part of a nationwide investigation of native and non-native marine biodiversity in New Zealand’s shipping ports and marinas of first entry for vessels entering New Zealand from overseas. • Sampling methods used in these surveys were based on protocols developed by the Australian Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) for baseline surveys of non-indigenous species in ports. Some variations to these protocols were necessary for use in the marine environments of Kaipara Harbour. • A wide range of sampling techniques was used to collect marine organisms from habitats within Kaipara Harbour. Fouling assemblages were scraped from hard substrata by divers, benthic assemblages were sampled using an anchor box dredge, large hand corer and diver visual transects, and a gravity corer or small hand corer was used to sample for dinoflagellate cysts. Phytoplankton and zooplankton were sampled with fine-meshed plankton nets. Mobile predators and scavengers were sampled using baited crab and shrimp traps, and fish were sampled with poison stations and beach seine netting. Beach wrack was surveyed on visual walks along selected shorelines. Sediment samples were also collected to analyse organic content and particle size. • Sampling effort was distributed in Kaipara Harbour and surrounding coastal environments according to priorities identified by MAF Biosecurity New Zealand. In total, 22 sites were sampled during the survey. • Organisms collected during the survey were sent to New Zealand and international taxonomic experts for identification. • Prior to the baseline survey, a desktop review was conducted to compile an inventory of non-indigenous marine species that have been recorded previously from Kaipara Harbour and surrounding areas. Seven non-indigenous species (the molluscs Musculista senhousia, Crassostrea gigas and Theora lubrica, the bryozoan Membraniporopsis tubigera and the magnoliophytes Spartina alterniflora, Spartina anglica and Spartina x townsendi) had been reported from within Kaipara Harbour. Four cryptogenic category one taxa (C1: those whose identity as native or non-indigenous is ambiguous) were also reported from within Kaipara Harbour. • The baseline survey of Kaipara Harbour recorded a total of 389 species or higher taxa. The collection consisted of 274 native taxa, 10 non-indigenous species (NIS), nine cryptogenic category one taxa, 18 cryptogenic category two taxa (species that have recently been discovered but for which there is insufficient biogeographic or taxonomic information to determine the native provenance), and zooplankton (which were screened for target non-indigenous species but otherwise not identified), with the remaining 77 taxa being indeterminate (unable to be identified to species level). • The ten species recorded in the survey known to be non-indigenous to New Zealand included the annelid Dipolydora armata, the crustaceans Jassa slatteryi and Pyromaia tuberculata, the bryozoans Conopeum seurati, Anguinella palmata and Bowerbankia gracilis, the molluscs Musculista senhousia, Crassostrea gigas and Theora lubrica and the sponge Amphilectus fucorum • The nine cryptogenic category one taxa recorded from the initial baseline survey included the crustacean Lysmata vittata, the ascidian Didemnum sp., the cnidarian Bougainvillia muscus, the dinoflagellates Gymnodinium catenatum, Alexandrium affine and Alexandrium catenella and the sponges Suberites cf. perfectus, Ciocalypta cf. pencillus and Callyspongia ramose. All of these taxa are known to have established populations within New Zealand, but the occurrence of three of them in Kaipara Harbour represents an extension of the known range in New Zealand (L. vittata, S. cf. perfectus and C. cf. pencillus). • The 19 NIS and C1 taxa were recorded from a total of only 72 of the 368 samples identified during the Kaipara Harbour survey, in water depths ranging from the intertidal zone to 28 m. the majority of these were anchor box dredges, pile scrapings and benthic sleds. • Four taxa recorded from the initial port baseline survey of Kaipara Harbour are new records from New Zealand waters, and may be new to science. These are the sponges Adocia new sp. 10, Haliclona new sp. 21, Eurypon new sp. 1 and Tedania new sp. 5. All of these are considered to be cryptogenic category 2 taxa (C2), as there is insufficient information to determine whether New Zealand lies within their native range. • None of the species recorded during the Kaipara Harbour survey or during the desktop review of existing species records are on the New Zealand register of unwanted organisms. However, two species are on the Australian CCIMPE Trigger List (the mollusc Musculista senhousia (NIS; recorded in both the survey and the desktop review) and the ascidian Didemnum sp. (C1; recorded only from the survey • Four toxin-producing dinoflagellates were recorded during the Kaipara Harbour port baseline survey – the native species Protoceratium reticulatum and the C1 taxa Alexandrium catenella, Gymnodinium catenatum and Alexandrium ostenfeldii. One native, toxin-producing diatom, Pseudo-nitzschia australis was also recorded. Another two native diatoms recorded during the port survey, Chaetoceros convolutes and Chaetoceros concavicornis are considered harmful to fish due to its barbed setae, but are not directly toxic. • There was only limited overlap in species composition between the desktop review of existing marine species records and the records from the port baseline survey. These differences can be attributed to variation in sampling effort and technique between surveys and to the differences in time-frame over which the records were accumulated (i.e. single snap-shot survey versus accumulation of historical records). • Most non-indigenous and C1 taxa recorded during the Kaipara Harbour port survey or desktop review are likely to have been introduced to New Zealand accidentally by spread from other locations in New Zealand (including translocation by shipping). • The councils in charge of Kaipara Harbour are implementing marine Biosecurity policies to protect the area from further invasion of NIS and C1 taxa, and from spread of those already present to other New Zealand locations.","institution":"NIWA","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Inglis"],"firstnames":["G.","J."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Schimanski"],"firstnames":["Kate"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":["van","den"],"lastnames":["Brink"],"firstnames":["Anneke"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Kospartov"],"firstnames":["Marie"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Smith"],"firstnames":["Matt"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Miller"],"firstnames":["Sheryl"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Cox"],"firstnames":["Serena","L."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Read"],"firstnames":["Geoffrey"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Burnett"],"firstnames":["Jill"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Page"],"firstnames":["Mike"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Gordon"],"firstnames":["Dennis"],"suffixes":[]}],"month":"June","year":"2010","keywords":"Biosecurity, Cryptogenic, Introduced taxa, Kaipara Harbour, MAF, Marine species, NIS, New Zealand, Non-indigenous marine species, Port surveys, biological invasions","pages":"151 pp.","bibtex":"@techreport{inglis_kaipara_2010,\n\taddress = {Christchurch},\n\ttype = {{NIWA} {Client} {Report}},\n\ttitle = {Kaipara {Harbour} \\& {Marinas}: {Baseline} survey for non-indigenous marine species},\n\turl = {https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/32827-kaipara-harbour-and-marinas-baseline-survey-for-non-indigenous-marine-species-research-project-zbs200519},\n\tabstract = {\\textit{Executive summary}\n\n•\tThis report describes the results of the first port baseline survey of Kaipara Harbour, undertaken in September and October 2006. The survey provides an inventory of native, non indigenous and cryptogenic marine species within the fiord and surrounding coastal area and compares the biota with existing marine species records from the area. \n\n•\tThe survey is part of a nationwide investigation of native and non-native marine biodiversity in New Zealand’s shipping ports and marinas of first entry for vessels entering New Zealand from overseas. \n\n•\tSampling methods used in these surveys were based on protocols developed by the Australian Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) for baseline surveys of non-indigenous species in ports. Some variations to these protocols were necessary for use in the marine environments of Kaipara Harbour. \n\n•\tA wide range of sampling techniques was used to collect marine organisms from habitats within Kaipara Harbour. Fouling assemblages were scraped from hard substrata by divers, benthic assemblages were sampled using an anchor box dredge, large hand corer and diver visual transects, and a gravity corer or small hand corer was used to sample for dinoflagellate cysts. Phytoplankton and zooplankton were sampled with fine-meshed plankton nets. Mobile predators and scavengers were sampled using baited crab and shrimp traps, and fish were sampled with poison stations and beach seine netting. Beach wrack was surveyed on visual walks along selected shorelines. Sediment samples were also collected to analyse organic content and particle size. \n\n•\tSampling effort was distributed in Kaipara Harbour and surrounding coastal environments according to priorities identified by MAF Biosecurity New Zealand. In total, 22 sites were sampled during the survey.\n\n•\tOrganisms collected during the survey were sent to New Zealand and international taxonomic experts for identification.\n\n•\tPrior to the baseline survey, a desktop review was conducted to compile an inventory of non-indigenous marine species that have been recorded previously from Kaipara Harbour and surrounding areas. Seven non-indigenous species (the molluscs Musculista senhousia, Crassostrea gigas and Theora lubrica, the bryozoan Membraniporopsis tubigera and the magnoliophytes Spartina alterniflora, Spartina anglica and Spartina x townsendi) had been reported from within Kaipara Harbour. Four cryptogenic category one taxa (C1: those whose identity as native or non-indigenous is ambiguous) were also reported from within Kaipara Harbour.\n\n•\tThe baseline survey of Kaipara Harbour recorded a total of 389 species or higher taxa. The collection consisted of 274 native taxa, 10 non-indigenous species (NIS), nine cryptogenic category one taxa, 18 cryptogenic category two taxa (species that have recently been discovered but for which there is insufficient biogeographic or taxonomic information to determine the native provenance), and zooplankton (which were screened for target non-indigenous species but otherwise not identified), with the remaining 77 taxa being indeterminate (unable to be identified to species level).\n\n•\tThe ten species recorded in the survey known to be non-indigenous to New Zealand included the annelid Dipolydora armata, the crustaceans Jassa slatteryi and Pyromaia tuberculata, the bryozoans Conopeum seurati, Anguinella palmata and Bowerbankia gracilis, the molluscs Musculista senhousia, Crassostrea gigas and Theora lubrica and the sponge Amphilectus fucorum\n\n•\tThe nine cryptogenic category one taxa recorded from the initial baseline survey included the crustacean Lysmata vittata, the ascidian Didemnum sp., the cnidarian Bougainvillia muscus, the dinoflagellates Gymnodinium catenatum, Alexandrium affine and Alexandrium catenella and the sponges Suberites cf. perfectus, Ciocalypta cf. pencillus and Callyspongia ramose. All of these taxa are known to have established populations within New Zealand, but the occurrence of three of them in Kaipara Harbour represents an extension of the known range in New Zealand (L. vittata, S. cf. perfectus and C. cf. pencillus). \n\n•\tThe 19 NIS and C1 taxa were recorded from a total of only 72 of the 368 samples identified during the Kaipara Harbour survey, in water depths ranging from the intertidal zone to 28 m. the majority of these were anchor box dredges, pile scrapings and benthic sleds. \n\n•\tFour taxa recorded from the initial port baseline survey of Kaipara Harbour are new records from New Zealand waters, and may be new to science. These are the sponges Adocia new sp. 10, Haliclona new sp. 21, Eurypon new sp. 1 and Tedania new sp. 5. All of these are considered to be cryptogenic category 2 taxa (C2), as there is insufficient information to determine whether New Zealand lies within their native range.\n\n•\tNone of the species recorded during the Kaipara Harbour survey or during the desktop review of existing species records are on the New Zealand register of unwanted organisms. However, two species are on the Australian CCIMPE Trigger List (the mollusc Musculista senhousia (NIS; recorded in both the survey and the desktop review) and the ascidian Didemnum sp. (C1; recorded only from the survey\n\n•\tFour toxin-producing dinoflagellates were recorded during the Kaipara Harbour port baseline survey – the native species Protoceratium reticulatum and the C1 taxa Alexandrium catenella, Gymnodinium catenatum and Alexandrium ostenfeldii. One native, toxin-producing diatom, Pseudo-nitzschia australis was also recorded. Another two native diatoms recorded during the port survey, Chaetoceros convolutes and Chaetoceros concavicornis are considered harmful to fish due to its barbed setae, but are not directly toxic. \n\n•\tThere was only limited overlap in species composition between the desktop review of existing marine species records and the records from the port baseline survey. These differences can be attributed to variation in sampling effort and technique between surveys and to the differences in time-frame over which the records were accumulated (i.e. single snap-shot survey versus accumulation of historical records). \n\n•\tMost non-indigenous and C1 taxa recorded during the Kaipara Harbour port survey or desktop review are likely to have been introduced to New Zealand accidentally by spread from other locations in New Zealand (including translocation by shipping).\n\n•\tThe councils in charge of Kaipara Harbour are implementing marine Biosecurity policies to protect the area from further invasion of NIS and C1 taxa, and from spread of those already present to other New Zealand locations.},\n\tinstitution = {NIWA},\n\tauthor = {Inglis, G. J. and Schimanski, Kate and van den Brink, Anneke and Kospartov, Marie and Smith, Matt and Miller, Sheryl and Cox, Serena L. and Read, Geoffrey and Burnett, Jill and Page, Mike and Gordon, Dennis},\n\tmonth = jun,\n\tyear = {2010},\n\tkeywords = {Biosecurity, Cryptogenic, Introduced taxa, Kaipara Harbour, MAF, Marine species, NIS, New Zealand, Non-indigenous marine species, Port surveys, biological invasions},\n\tpages = {151 pp.},\n}\n\n","author_short":["Inglis, G. J.","Schimanski, K.","van den Brink, A.","Kospartov, M.","Smith, M.","Miller, S.","Cox, S. 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