Port of Auckland: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species. Inglis, G. J., van den Brink, A., Schimanski, K., Peacock, L., Kospartov, M., Neil, K., Miller, S., Ahyong, S. T., Burnett, J., Read, G., Page, M., & Cox, S. L. Technical Report NIWA, Christchurch, June, 2010.
Port of Auckland: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species [link]Paper  abstract   bibtex   
\textlessi\textgreaterExecutive summary \textless/i\textgreater • This report describes the results of a repeat port baseline survey of the Port of Auckland undertaken in March 2006. The survey provides a second inventory of native, non indigenous and cryptogenic marine species within the port and compares the biota with that recorded during an earlier port baseline survey of the Port of Auckland undertaken in April 2003. • The survey is part of a nationwide investigation of native and non-native marine biodiversity in 25 international shipping ports and five marinas of first entry for vessels entering New Zealand from overseas. • To allow a direct comparison with the initial baseline survey of the Port of Auckland, the repeat survey used the same methodologies and sampled the same sites (where possible) as in the initial survey. To improve the description of the biota of the port, some additional survey sites were added during the repeat survey. • Sampling methods used in both surveys were based on protocols developed by the Australian Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) for baseline surveys of non-indigenous species (NIS) in ports. Modifications were made to the CRIMP protocols for use in New Zealand port conditions. These are described in more detail in the body of the report. • A wide range of sampling techniques was used to collect marine organisms from habitats within the Port of Auckland. Fouling assemblages were scraped from hard substrata by divers, benthic assemblages were sampled using a sled and benthic grabs, and a gravity corer was used to sample for dinoflagellate cysts. Mobile predators and scavengers were sampled using baited fish, crab, seastar and shrimp traps. • Sampling effort in the Port of Auckland was distributed according to priorities identified in the CRIMP protocols, which are designed to maximise the chances of detecting non-indigenous species. Most effort was concentrated on high-risk locations and habitats where non-indigenous species were most likely to be found. • Organisms collected during the survey were sent to local and international taxonomic experts for identification. • As a result of ongoing taxonomic work, some identifications made during the initial baseline survey of the Port of Auckland have undergone revision since the publication of that report. The revised data indicated that a total of 173 species or higher taxa were identified in the first survey of the Port of Auckland in April 2003. They consisted of 116 native species, 22 cryptogenic taxa, 14 non-indigenous species, and 21 indeterminate taxa • During the repeat survey, 238 species or higher taxa were recorded, including 145 native species, 14 non-indigenous species, 34 cryptogenic species and 45 indeterminate taxa. Many species were common to both surveys. Around 51 % of the native species, 50 % of the non-indigenous species, and 41 % of the cryptogenic taxa recorded during the repeat survey were also found in the earlier survey. • The 14 non-indigenous species found in the repeat survey of the Port of Auckland included representatives of 17 phyla. The non-indigenous species detected were: (Annelida) Hydroides elegans, Paralepidontus ampuliferus; (Arthropoda) Apocorphium acutum, Charybdis japonica; (Bryozoa) Bugula flabellata, Watersipora subtorquata; (Chordata) Styela clava; (Cnidaria) Pennaria disticha; (Mollusca) Limaria orientalis, Crassostrea gigas, Theora lubrica; (Porifera) Amphilectus fucorum, Callyspongia robusta and (Entoprocta) Barentsia matsushimana. Seven of these species – P. ampuliferus, A. acutum, W. subtoquata, S. clava, L. orientalis, C. robusta and B. matsushimana - were not recorded in the earlier baseline survey of the Port of Auckland. In addition, six non-indigenous species that were recorded in the first survey – (Bryozoa) Bugula neritina, Celleporaria sp. 1, Anguinella palmate; (Chordata) Arenigobius bifrenatus; (Cnidaria) Obelia longissima and (Porifera) Halisarca dujardini– were not found during the repeat survey. • No species recorded in the repeat survey were new records for New Zealand waters. • One species recorded during the second survey of the Port of Auckland – the club-shaped ascidan Styela clava - is on the New Zealand Register of Unwanted Organisms. • Most non-indigenous species located in the Port are likely to have been introduced to New Zealand accidentally by international shipping or spread from other locations in New Zealand (including translocation by shipping). • Approximately 47 % (nine of 19 species) of NIS recorded in the two Port of Auckland baseline surveys are likely to have been introduced in hull fouling assemblages, 10 % (two species) via ballast water, 36 % (seven species) could have been introduced by either ballast water or hull fouling vectors and the vectors of introduction for 10 % (two species) is currently unknown. • The predominance of hull fouling species in the introduced biota of Port of Auckland (as opposed to ballast water introductions) is consistent with findings from similar port baseline studies overseas and in New Zealand.
@techreport{inglis_port_2010,
	address = {Christchurch},
	type = {{NIWA} {Client} {Report}},
	title = {Port of {Auckland}: {Second} baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species},
	url = {https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/32812-port-of-auckland-second-baseline-survey-for-non-indigenous-marine-species-research-project-zbs200518},
	abstract = {{\textless}i{\textgreater}Executive summary
{\textless}/i{\textgreater}
•	This report describes the results of a repeat port baseline survey of the Port of Auckland undertaken in March 2006. The survey provides a second inventory of native, non indigenous and cryptogenic marine species within the port and compares the biota with that recorded during an earlier port baseline survey of the Port of Auckland undertaken in April 2003. 

•	The survey is part of a nationwide investigation of native and non-native marine biodiversity in 25 international shipping ports and five marinas of first entry for vessels entering New Zealand from overseas. 

•	To allow a direct comparison with the initial baseline survey of the Port of Auckland, the repeat survey used the same methodologies and sampled the same sites (where possible) as in the initial survey. To improve the description of the biota of the port, some additional survey sites were added during the repeat survey.

•	Sampling methods used in both surveys were based on protocols developed by the Australian Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) for baseline surveys of non-indigenous species (NIS) in ports. Modifications were made to the CRIMP protocols for use in New Zealand port conditions. These are described in more detail in the body of the report.

•	A wide range of sampling techniques was used to collect marine organisms from habitats within the Port of Auckland. Fouling assemblages were scraped from hard substrata by divers, benthic assemblages were sampled using a sled and benthic grabs, and a gravity corer was used to sample for dinoflagellate cysts. Mobile predators and scavengers were sampled using baited fish, crab, seastar and shrimp traps.

•	Sampling effort in the Port of Auckland was distributed according to priorities identified in the CRIMP protocols, which are designed to maximise the chances of detecting non-indigenous species. Most effort was concentrated on high-risk locations and habitats where non-indigenous species were most likely to be found. 

•	Organisms collected during the survey were sent to local and international taxonomic experts for identification.

•	As a result of ongoing taxonomic work, some identifications made during the initial baseline survey of the Port of Auckland have undergone revision since the publication of that report. The revised data indicated that a total of 173 species or higher taxa were identified in the first survey of the Port of Auckland in April 2003. They consisted of 116 native species, 22 cryptogenic taxa, 14 non-indigenous species, and 21 indeterminate taxa

•	During the repeat survey, 238 species or higher taxa were recorded, including 145 native species, 14 non-indigenous species, 34 cryptogenic species and 45 indeterminate taxa. Many species were common to both surveys. Around 51 \% of the native species, 50 \% of the non-indigenous species, and 41 \% of the cryptogenic taxa recorded during the repeat survey were also found in the earlier survey.

•	The 14 non-indigenous species found in the repeat survey of the Port of Auckland included representatives of 17 phyla. The non-indigenous species detected were: (Annelida) Hydroides elegans, Paralepidontus ampuliferus; (Arthropoda) Apocorphium acutum, Charybdis japonica; (Bryozoa) Bugula flabellata, Watersipora subtorquata; (Chordata) Styela clava; (Cnidaria) Pennaria disticha; (Mollusca) Limaria orientalis, Crassostrea gigas, Theora lubrica; (Porifera) Amphilectus fucorum, Callyspongia robusta and (Entoprocta) Barentsia matsushimana. Seven of these species – P. ampuliferus, A. acutum, W. subtoquata, S. clava, L. orientalis, C. robusta and B. matsushimana - were not recorded in the earlier baseline survey of the Port of Auckland. In addition, six non-indigenous species that were recorded in the first survey – (Bryozoa) Bugula neritina, Celleporaria sp. 1, Anguinella palmate; (Chordata) Arenigobius bifrenatus; (Cnidaria) Obelia longissima and (Porifera) Halisarca dujardini– were not found during the repeat survey.

•	No species recorded in the repeat survey were new records for New Zealand waters.  

•	One species recorded during the second survey of the Port of Auckland – the club-shaped ascidan Styela clava - is on the New Zealand Register of Unwanted Organisms.

•	Most non-indigenous species located in the Port are likely to have been introduced to New Zealand accidentally by international shipping or spread from other locations in New Zealand (including translocation by shipping).

•	Approximately 47 \% (nine of 19 species) of NIS recorded in the two Port of Auckland baseline surveys are likely to have been introduced in hull fouling assemblages, 10 \% (two species) via ballast water, 36 \% (seven species) could have been introduced by either ballast water or hull fouling vectors and the vectors of introduction for 10 \% (two species) is currently unknown.

•	The predominance of hull fouling species in the introduced biota of Port of Auckland (as opposed to ballast water introductions) is consistent with findings from similar port baseline studies overseas and in New Zealand.},
	institution = {NIWA},
	author = {Inglis, G. J. and van den Brink, Anneke and Schimanski, Kate and Peacock, Lisa and Kospartov, Marie and Neil, Kerry and Miller, Sheryl and Ahyong, Shane T. and Burnett, Jill and Read, Geoffrey and Page, M. and Cox, Serena L.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Auckland, Biosecurity, Cryptogenic, Introduced taxa, MAF, Marine species, NIS, New Zealand, Non-indigenous marine species, Port surveys, Waitemata Harbour, biological invasions},
	pages = {160 pp.},
}
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