@article{ jacovitti_discrete_1993,
  title = {Discrete time techniques for time delay estimation},
  volume = {41},
  url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=193195},
  doi = {10.1109/78.193195},
  abstract = {Basic aspects of time delay estimation ({TDE}) based on sampled signals are investigated. The direct cross-correlation method is analyzed and compared to the average square difference function ({ASDF}) and the (addition only based) average magnitude difference function ({AMDF}) estimators, Their relative accuracy is theoretically evaluated, and previous empirical results are explained. It is shown that both the {ASDF}- and the {AMDF}-based estimators outperform the direct cross-correlation based estimator for medium-high signal-to-noise ratios. Moreover, the {AMDF}-based estimator, which avoids any multiplications, significantly reduces the computational complexity of the estimation procedure while offering only a moderate performance loss with respect to the {ASDF} based estimator},
  number = {2},
  journal = {{IEEE} Trans. Signal Process.},
  author = {Jacovitti, G. and Scarano, G.},
  month = {February},
  year = {1993},
  keywords = {Computational complexity, Delay effects, Delay estimation, Direction of arrival estimation, Gaussian noise, Interpolation, Performance loss, Signal processing, Signal to noise ratio, Variable speed drives, array signal processing},
  pages = {525--533}
}

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