@article{Jennings-2014,
	title = {Inked into {Crime}? {An} {Examination} of the {Causal} {Relationship} between {Tattoos} and {Life}-{Course} {Offending} among {Males} from the {Cambridge} {Study} in {Delinquent} {Development}},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {00472352},
	shorttitle = {Inked into {Crime}?},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047235213001189},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2013.12.006},
	abstract = {Purpose: There have been a number of prior studies that have investigated the relationship between tattoos and crime with most documenting evidence of an association. Specifically, prior research often suggests that individuals with tattoos commit more crime, are disproportionately concentrated in offender and institutionalized populations, and often have personality disorders. Having said this, the bulk of the prior research on this topic has been correlational.
Methods: In the current study, we rely on data from a prospective longitudinal study of 411 British males from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development and employ propensity score matching to determine if the link between tattoos and crime may in fact be causal.
Results: Results suggest that having tattoos is better considered as a symptom of another set of developmental risk factors and personality traits that are both related to tattooing and being involved in crime rather than as a causal factor for predicting crime over the life-course.
Conclusions: Study limitations and directions for future research are discussed. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-11-07},
	journal = {Journal of Criminal Justice},
	author = {Jennings, Wesley G. and Fox, Bryanna Hahn and Farrington, David P.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {77--84},
	file = {Jennings-2014.pdf:/Users/fareedkaviani/Zotero/storage/7JYKQA9G/Jennings-2014.pdf:application/pdf},
}

{"_id":"ii5WQWFBoDuuEsL5i","bibbaseid":"jennings-fox-farrington-inkedintocrimeanexaminationofthecausalrelationshipbetweentattoosandlifecourseoffendingamongmalesfromthecambridgestudyindelinquentdevelopment-2014","author_short":["Jennings, W. G.","Fox, B. H.","Farrington, D. P."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","title":"Inked into Crime? An Examination of the Causal Relationship between Tattoos and Life-Course Offending among Males from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development","volume":"42","issn":"00472352","shorttitle":"Inked into Crime?","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047235213001189","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2013.12.006","abstract":"Purpose: There have been a number of prior studies that have investigated the relationship between tattoos and crime with most documenting evidence of an association. Specifically, prior research often suggests that individuals with tattoos commit more crime, are disproportionately concentrated in offender and institutionalized populations, and often have personality disorders. Having said this, the bulk of the prior research on this topic has been correlational. Methods: In the current study, we rely on data from a prospective longitudinal study of 411 British males from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development and employ propensity score matching to determine if the link between tattoos and crime may in fact be causal. Results: Results suggest that having tattoos is better considered as a symptom of another set of developmental risk factors and personality traits that are both related to tattooing and being involved in crime rather than as a causal factor for predicting crime over the life-course. Conclusions: Study limitations and directions for future research are discussed. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","language":"en","number":"1","urldate":"2021-11-07","journal":"Journal of Criminal Justice","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Jennings"],"firstnames":["Wesley","G."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Fox"],"firstnames":["Bryanna","Hahn"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Farrington"],"firstnames":["David","P."],"suffixes":[]}],"month":"January","year":"2014","pages":"77–84","file":"Jennings-2014.pdf:/Users/fareedkaviani/Zotero/storage/7JYKQA9G/Jennings-2014.pdf:application/pdf","bibtex":"@article{Jennings-2014,\n\ttitle = {Inked into {Crime}? {An} {Examination} of the {Causal} {Relationship} between {Tattoos} and {Life}-{Course} {Offending} among {Males} from the {Cambridge} {Study} in {Delinquent} {Development}},\n\tvolume = {42},\n\tissn = {00472352},\n\tshorttitle = {Inked into {Crime}?},\n\turl = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047235213001189},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2013.12.006},\n\tabstract = {Purpose: There have been a number of prior studies that have investigated the relationship between tattoos and crime with most documenting evidence of an association. Specifically, prior research often suggests that individuals with tattoos commit more crime, are disproportionately concentrated in offender and institutionalized populations, and often have personality disorders. Having said this, the bulk of the prior research on this topic has been correlational.\nMethods: In the current study, we rely on data from a prospective longitudinal study of 411 British males from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development and employ propensity score matching to determine if the link between tattoos and crime may in fact be causal.\nResults: Results suggest that having tattoos is better considered as a symptom of another set of developmental risk factors and personality traits that are both related to tattooing and being involved in crime rather than as a causal factor for predicting crime over the life-course.\nConclusions: Study limitations and directions for future research are discussed. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\turldate = {2021-11-07},\n\tjournal = {Journal of Criminal Justice},\n\tauthor = {Jennings, Wesley G. and Fox, Bryanna Hahn and Farrington, David P.},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2014},\n\tpages = {77--84},\n\tfile = {Jennings-2014.pdf:/Users/fareedkaviani/Zotero/storage/7JYKQA9G/Jennings-2014.pdf:application/pdf},\n}\n\n","author_short":["Jennings, W. G.","Fox, B. H.","Farrington, D. P."],"bibbaseid":"jennings-fox-farrington-inkedintocrimeanexaminationofthecausalrelationshipbetweentattoosandlifecourseoffendingamongmalesfromthecambridgestudyindelinquentdevelopment-2014","role":"author","urls":{"Paper":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047235213001189"},"metadata":{"authorlinks":{}}},"bibtype":"article","biburl":"https://bibbase.org/f/x3SNTRFa2j4t82qNF/Tattoo.bib","dataSources":["A6vS8ZPftztqxzpFy","aJpzWTssrfDwsrR9P","GKfbqozZqZofzPSGW","6MvbD5fSnE2M7dNep"],"keywords":[],"search_terms":["inked","crime","examination","causal","relationship","between","tattoos","life","course","offending","males","cambridge","study","delinquent","development","jennings","fox","farrington"],"title":"Inked into Crime? An Examination of the Causal Relationship between Tattoos and Life-Course Offending among Males from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development","year":2014}