A tough nut to crack. Jennings, J. S. & Macmillan, N. H. Journal of Materials Science, 21(5):1517–1524, 1986. ISBN: 0022-2461
doi  abstract   bibtex   
A study of the microstructure and mechanical properties of macadamia nutshells reveals these to behave like an “isotropic wood.” Their dry density is ∼ 1.3×103kgm−3, their Vickers hardness is 180±30 MPa, their fracture strength is 25 to 80 MPa and their fracture toughness is 1 to 2MPam1/2. Their Young's modulus probably lies nearer the highest (6GPa) than the lowest (2GPa) of the present measurements and their work of fracture lies in the range 100 to 1000 Jm−2. None of the mechanical properties is obviously dependent on the water content of the shell. The results demonstrate quantitatively why these shells have a reputation for being difficult to crack.
@article{jennings_tough_1986,
	title = {A tough nut to crack},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {00222461},
	doi = {10.1007/BF01114704},
	abstract = {A study of the microstructure and mechanical properties of macadamia nutshells reveals these to behave like an “isotropic wood.” Their dry density is ∼ 1.3×103kgm−3, their Vickers hardness is 180±30 MPa, their fracture strength is 25 to 80 MPa and their fracture toughness is 1 to 2MPam1/2. Their Young's modulus probably lies nearer the highest (6GPa) than the lowest (2GPa) of the present measurements and their work of fracture lies in the range 100 to 1000 Jm−2. None of the mechanical properties is obviously dependent on the water content of the shell. The results demonstrate quantitatively why these shells have a reputation for being difficult to crack.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Journal of Materials Science},
	author = {Jennings, J. S. and Macmillan, N. H.},
	year = {1986},
	pmid = {18492506},
	note = {ISBN: 0022-2461},
	pages = {1517--1524},
}

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