Crucial role of sidewalls in granular surface flows: consequences for the rheology. Jop, P., Forterre, Y., & Pouliquen, O. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 541:167–192, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
doi  abstract   bibtex   
In this paper we study the steady uniform flows that develop when granular material is released from a hopper on top of a static pile in a channel. More specifically, we focus on the role of sidewalls by carrying out experiments in set-up of different widths, from narrow channels 20 particle diameters wide to channels 600 particle diameters wide. Results show that steady flows on pile are entirely controlled by sidewall effects. A theoretical model, taking into account the wall friction and based on a simple local constitutive law recently proposed for other granular flow configurations, gives predictions in quantitative agreement with the measurements. This result gives new insights into our understanding of free-surface granular flows and strongly supports the relevance of the constitutive law proposed.
@Article{Jop-Forterre-Pouliquen-2005-JFM-mu-I,
title={Crucial role of sidewalls in granular surface flows: consequences for the rheology},
volume={541},
DOI={10.1017/S0022112005005987},
journal={Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
publisher={Cambridge University Press},
author={Jop, Pierre and Forterre, Yoël and Pouliquen, Olivier},
year={2005},
pages={167–192},
abstract = {In this paper we study the steady uniform flows that develop when granular material is released from a hopper on top of a static pile in a channel. More specifically, we focus on the role of sidewalls by carrying out experiments in set-up of different widths, from narrow channels 20 particle diameters wide to channels 600 particle diameters wide. Results show that steady flows on pile are entirely controlled by sidewall effects. A theoretical model, taking into account the wall friction and based on a simple local constitutive law recently proposed for other granular flow configurations, gives predictions in quantitative agreement with the measurements. This result gives new insights into our understanding of free-surface granular flows and strongly supports the relevance of the constitutive law proposed.}
}

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