Optimization of the flight technique in ski jumping: The influence of wind. Jung, A., Müller, W., & Staat, M. Journal of Biomechanics, 88:190-193, 5, 2019.
Optimization of the flight technique in ski jumping: The influence of wind [link]Website  doi  abstract   bibtex   
Ski jumping performance is strongly affected by wind. Flight technique optimization for maximizing jump length is a highly complex motor-control task that also depends on the wind. Pontryagin's minimum principle was used in this study to gain a better understanding on how wind influences flight technique optimization. Optimum time courses of the angle of attack α of the skis and of the body-to-ski angle β were computed for seven realistic wind scenarios on the large hill and on the flying hill. The optimum values of α were smaller at headwind, and larger at tailwind when compared to the optimum time course at calm wind. The optimum values of β were the smallest possible ones at the given flight technique constraints, except for the last part of the flight. Optimum adjustments of α increased the jump lengths between 0 and 1.8 m on the large hill, and between 0 and 6.4 m on the flying hill. Maximum jump length increases were achieved at the highest headwind speed. Even larger jump length effects can be achieved by using smaller β-angles, which might be possible in headwind conditions, but this is associated with increased problems to keep the flight stable.
@article{
 title = {Optimization of the flight technique in ski jumping: The influence of wind},
 type = {article},
 year = {2019},
 keywords = {Computer simulation,Optimal control,Ski flying,Sport aerodynamics,Winter sports},
 pages = {190-193},
 volume = {88},
 websites = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021929019302015,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30940358},
 month = {5},
 day = {22},
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 created = {2019-02-13T19:29:48.917Z},
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 last_modified = {2020-03-12T21:44:00.059Z},
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 abstract = {Ski jumping performance is strongly affected by wind. Flight technique optimization for maximizing jump length is a highly complex motor-control task that also depends on the wind. Pontryagin's minimum principle was used in this study to gain a better understanding on how wind influences flight technique optimization. Optimum time courses of the angle of attack α of the skis and of the body-to-ski angle β were computed for seven realistic wind scenarios on the large hill and on the flying hill. The optimum values of α were smaller at headwind, and larger at tailwind when compared to the optimum time course at calm wind. The optimum values of β were the smallest possible ones at the given flight technique constraints, except for the last part of the flight. Optimum adjustments of α increased the jump lengths between 0 and 1.8 m on the large hill, and between 0 and 6.4 m on the flying hill. Maximum jump length increases were achieved at the highest headwind speed. Even larger jump length effects can be achieved by using smaller β-angles, which might be possible in headwind conditions, but this is associated with increased problems to keep the flight stable.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Jung, Alexander and Müller, Wolfram and Staat, Manfred},
 doi = {10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.03.023},
 journal = {Journal of Biomechanics}
}

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