The comorbidity of ADHD in the general population of Swedish school-age children. Kadesjö, B & Gillberg, C Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 42(4):487–92, May, 2001. ![The comorbidity of ADHD in the general population of Swedish school-age children. [link]](https://bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg "link")
Paper abstract bibtex This study examined patterns of comorbid/associated diagnoses and associated problems in a population sample of children with and without DSM-III-R attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Half (N = 409) of a mainstream school population of Swedish 7-year-olds were clinically examined, and parents and teachers were interviewed and completed questionnaires. The children were followed up 2-4 years later. Eighty-seven per cent of children meeting full criteria for ADHD (N = 15) had one or more and 67% at least two–comorbid diagnoses. The most common comorbidities were oppositional defiant disorder and developmental coordination disorder. Children with subthreshold ADHD (N = 42) also had very high rates of comorbid diagnoses (71% and 36%), whereas those without ADHD (N = 352) had much lower rates (17% and 3%). The rate of associated school adjustment, learning, and behaviour problems at follow-up was very high in the ADHD groups. We concluded that pure ADHD is rare even in a general population sample. Thus, studies reporting on ADHD cases without comorbidity probably refer to highly atypical samples. By and large, such studies cannot inform rational clinical decisions.
@article{kadesjo_comorbidity_2001,
title = {The comorbidity of {ADHD} in the general population of {Swedish} school-age children.},
volume = {42},
issn = {0021-9630},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11383964},
abstract = {This study examined patterns of comorbid/associated diagnoses and associated problems in a population sample of children with and without DSM-III-R attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Half (N = 409) of a mainstream school population of Swedish 7-year-olds were clinically examined, and parents and teachers were interviewed and completed questionnaires. The children were followed up 2-4 years later. Eighty-seven per cent of children meeting full criteria for ADHD (N = 15) had one or more and 67\% at least two--comorbid diagnoses. The most common comorbidities were oppositional defiant disorder and developmental coordination disorder. Children with subthreshold ADHD (N = 42) also had very high rates of comorbid diagnoses (71\% and 36\%), whereas those without ADHD (N = 352) had much lower rates (17\% and 3\%). The rate of associated school adjustment, learning, and behaviour problems at follow-up was very high in the ADHD groups. We concluded that pure ADHD is rare even in a general population sample. Thus, studies reporting on ADHD cases without comorbidity probably refer to highly atypical samples. By and large, such studies cannot inform rational clinical decisions.},
number = {4},
urldate = {2015-05-06},
journal = {Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines},
author = {Kadesjö, B and Gillberg, C},
month = may,
year = {2001},
pmid = {11383964},
keywords = {Adaptation, Psychological, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: com, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: psy, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorder, Child, Comorbidity, Cross-Sectional Studies, Developmental Disabilities, Developmental Disabilities: etiology, Developmental Disabilities: psychology, Female, Humans, Learning Disorders, Male},
pages = {487--92},
}
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The most common comorbidities were oppositional defiant disorder and developmental coordination disorder. Children with subthreshold ADHD (N = 42) also had very high rates of comorbid diagnoses (71% and 36%), whereas those without ADHD (N = 352) had much lower rates (17% and 3%). The rate of associated school adjustment, learning, and behaviour problems at follow-up was very high in the ADHD groups. We concluded that pure ADHD is rare even in a general population sample. Thus, studies reporting on ADHD cases without comorbidity probably refer to highly atypical samples. 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