Citizen science via social media revealed conditions of symbiosis between a marine gastropod and an epibiotic alga. Kagawa, O., Uchida, S., Yamazaki, D., Osawa, Y., Ito, S., Chiba, S., The green-costumed snail’s citizen researchers, Kagawa, E., Tamada, A., Ishida, S., Yoshida, J., Kimura, K., Iijima, A., Suenaga, T., Momoi, T., Kato, Y., Nikaido, S., Kimura, T., Kobayashi, S., Niwa, K., Nishi, H., Fujita, H., Kakihara, H., Makino, S., Suzuki, H., Namikawa, A., Yamakami, R., Higashi, K., Watanabe, K., Yoshimura, T., Isotomo, Sagara, M., Aoki, Y., & Sugimoto, R. Scientific Reports, 10(1):19647, November, 2020.
Citizen science via social media revealed conditions of symbiosis between a marine gastropod and an epibiotic alga [link]Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   
Abstract Environmental factors promote symbiosis, but its mechanism is not yet well understood. The alga Pseudocladophora conchopheria grows only on the shell of an intertidal gastropod Lunella correensis , and these species have a close symbiotic relationship which the alga reduces heat stress of the gastropod. In collaboration with general public, we investigated how environmental conditions alter the symbiotic interaction between the alga and the gastropod. Information about the habitats of each gastropod and images of shells was obtained from the Japanese and Korean coasts via social media. We constructed the hierarchical Bayesian model using the data. The results indicated that the proportion of shell area covered by P. conchopheria increased as the substrate size utilized by the gastropod increased. Meanwhile, temperature did not affect the proportion of P. conchopheria on the shell. These suggested that the alga provides no benefits for the gastropod on small substrates because gastropod can reduce the heat stress by diving into the small sediment. Further, the gastropod’s cost incurred by growing the alga on the shell seems to be low as the algae can grow even in cooler places where no benefits of heat resistance for gastropods. Different environments can yield variable conditions in symbiosis.
@article{kagawa_citizen_2020,
	title = {Citizen science via social media revealed conditions of symbiosis between a marine gastropod and an epibiotic alga},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-74946-5},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-74946-5},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              Environmental factors promote symbiosis, but its mechanism is not yet well understood. The alga
              Pseudocladophora conchopheria
              grows only on the shell of an intertidal gastropod
              Lunella correensis
              , and these species have a close symbiotic relationship which the alga reduces heat stress of the gastropod. In collaboration with general public, we investigated how environmental conditions alter the symbiotic interaction between the alga and the gastropod. Information about the habitats of each gastropod and images of shells was obtained from the Japanese and Korean coasts via social media. We constructed the hierarchical Bayesian model using the data. The results indicated that the proportion of shell area covered by
              P. conchopheria
              increased as the substrate size utilized by the gastropod increased. Meanwhile, temperature did not affect the proportion of
              P. conchopheria
              on the shell. These suggested that the alga provides no benefits for the gastropod on small substrates because gastropod can reduce the heat stress by diving into the small sediment. Further, the gastropod’s cost incurred by growing the alga on the shell seems to be low as the algae can grow even in cooler places where no benefits of heat resistance for gastropods. Different environments can yield variable conditions in symbiosis.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2025-03-12},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Kagawa, Osamu and Uchida, Shota and Yamazaki, Daishi and Osawa, Yumiko and Ito, Shun and Chiba, Satoshi and {The green-costumed snail’s citizen researchers} and Kagawa, Emiko and Tamada, Akihiro and Ishida, So and Yoshida, Junko and Kimura, Kazuki and Iijima, Akiko and Suenaga, Takayuki and Momoi, Teruaki and Kato, You and Nikaido, Satoshi and Kimura, Taeko and Kobayashi, Shingo and Niwa, Kazuo and Nishi, Hirotaka and Fujita, Haruto and Kakihara, Hideaki and Makino, Shinichi and Suzuki, Hiroe and Namikawa, Akane and Yamakami, Ryusei and Higashi, Kanae and Watanabe, Kota and Yoshimura, Taro and {Isotomo} and Sagara, Mitsunori and Aoki, Yuta and Sugimoto, Ryoya},
	month = nov,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {19647},
}
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