Particle swarm optimization. Kennedy, J. & Eberhart, R. In Proceedings of ICNN'95 - International Conference on Neural Networks, volume 4, pages 1942–1948 vol.4, November, 1995.
doi  abstract   bibtex   
A concept for the optimization of nonlinear functions using particle swarm methodology is introduced. The evolution of several paradigms is outlined, and an implementation of one of the paradigms is discussed. Benchmark testing of the paradigm is described, and applications, including nonlinear function optimization and neural network training, are proposed. The relationships between particle swarm optimization and both artificial life and genetic algorithms are described.
@inproceedings{kennedy_particle_1995,
	title = {Particle swarm optimization},
	volume = {4},
	doi = {10.1109/ICNN.1995.488968},
	abstract = {A concept for the optimization of nonlinear functions using particle swarm methodology is introduced. The evolution of several paradigms is outlined, and an implementation of one of the paradigms is discussed. Benchmark testing of the paradigm is described, and applications, including nonlinear function optimization and neural network training, are proposed. The relationships between particle swarm optimization and both artificial life and genetic algorithms are described.},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of {ICNN}'95 - {International} {Conference} on {Neural} {Networks}},
	author = {Kennedy, J. and Eberhart, R.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {Artificial neural networks, Birds, Educational institutions, Genetic algorithms, Humans, Marine animals, Optimization methods, Particle swarm optimization, Performance evaluation, Testing},
	pages = {1942--1948 vol.4},
}

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