Surface states and reconstruction on Ge(001). Kevan, S. D. Physical Review B, 32(4):2344, 1985.
Surface states and reconstruction on Ge(001) [link]Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   
High-resolution angle-resolved photoemission and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) studies are reported which investigate the relationship between a recently discovered metallic or nearly metallic surface state and an order-disorder transition on Ge(001). Careful and systematic studies of this state’s angle- and temperature-dependent photoemission intensity lead to conclusions concerning the real-space character of the elementary excitation in this transition and the driving force for formation of the ordered c(4×2) low-temperature state. Comparisons to changes in the LEED pattern relate the onset of the metallic intensity to the formation of a phase in which surface dimers are randomly oriented with respect to each other. The data are most consistent with the flipping of a single dimer as the elementary excitation in the disordering transition. Evidence for a short-range driving force, probably involving interactions between dangling bonds on nearest neighboring dimers, is presented. The conclusions allow direct measurement of the fraction of flipped dimers on the surface as a function of temperature.
@article{kevan_surface_1985,
	title = {Surface states and reconstruction on {Ge}(001)},
	volume = {32},
	url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.32.2344},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.32.2344},
	abstract = {High-resolution angle-resolved photoemission and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) studies are reported which investigate the relationship between a recently discovered metallic or nearly metallic surface state and an order-disorder transition on Ge(001). Careful and systematic studies of this state’s angle- and temperature-dependent photoemission intensity lead to conclusions concerning the real-space character of the elementary excitation in this transition and the driving force for formation of the ordered c(4×2) low-temperature state. Comparisons to changes in the LEED pattern relate the onset of the metallic intensity to the formation of a phase in which surface dimers are randomly oriented with respect to each other. The data are most consistent with the flipping of a single dimer as the elementary excitation in the disordering transition. Evidence for a short-range driving force, probably involving interactions between dangling bonds on nearest neighboring dimers, is presented. The conclusions allow direct measurement of the fraction of flipped dimers on the surface as a function of temperature.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2011-04-20},
	journal = {Physical Review B},
	author = {Kevan, S. D.},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {2344},
}

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