@TECHREPORT{Khomh09-TR-DesignPatternsRoles,
   AUTHOR       = {Foutse Khomh and Yann-Ga�l Gu�h�neuc and 
      Guiliano Antoniol},
   INSTITUTION  = {�cole Polytechnique de Montr�al},
   TITLE        = {An Empirical Descriptive and Analytic Study of Playing 
      Roles in Design Patterns},
   YEAR         = {2009},
   OPTADDRESS   = {},
   MONTH        = {April},
   NOTE         = {15 pages.},
   NUMBER       = {EPM-RT-2009-03},
   OPTTYPE      = {},
   KEYWORDS     = {Topic: <b>Design patterns</b>, 
      Topic: <b>Evolution patterns</b>},
   URL          = {http://www.ptidej.net/publications/documents/Research+report+Design+Patterns+Roles+April09.doc.pdf},
   ABSTRACT     = {This work presents a descriptive and analytic study of 
      classes playing zero, one, or two roles in six different design 
      patterns (and combinations thereof). First, we answer three research 
      questions showing that (1) playing roles in design patterns is not a 
      all-or-nothing characteristic of classes and that there are 
      significant differences among the (2) internal and (3) external 
      characteristics of classes playing zero, one, or two roles. Second, 
      we revisit a previous work on design patterns and changeability and 
      show that its results were, in a great part, due to classes playing 
      two roles. Third, we exemplify the use of the study results to 
      provide a ranking of the occurrences of the design patterns 
      identified in a program. The ranking allows developers to balance 
      precision and recall as they see fit.}
}

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First, we answer three research questions showing that (1) playing roles in design patterns is not a all-or-nothing characteristic of classes and that there are significant differences among the (2) internal and (3) external characteristics of classes playing zero, one, or two roles. Second, we revisit a previous work on design patterns and changeability and show that its results were, in a great part, due to classes playing two roles. Third, we exemplify the use of the study results to provide a ranking of the occurrences of the design patterns identified in a program. The ranking allows developers to balance precision and recall as they see fit.","bibtex":"@TECHREPORT{Khomh09-TR-DesignPatternsRoles,\r\n AUTHOR = {Foutse Khomh and Yann-Ga�l Gu�h�neuc and \r\n Guiliano Antoniol},\r\n INSTITUTION = {�cole Polytechnique de Montr�al},\r\n TITLE = {An Empirical Descriptive and Analytic Study of Playing \r\n Roles in Design Patterns},\r\n YEAR = {2009},\r\n OPTADDRESS = {},\r\n MONTH = {April},\r\n NOTE = {15 pages.},\r\n NUMBER = {EPM-RT-2009-03},\r\n OPTTYPE = {},\r\n KEYWORDS = {Topic: <b>Design patterns</b>, \r\n Topic: <b>Evolution patterns</b>},\r\n URL = {http://www.ptidej.net/publications/documents/Research+report+Design+Patterns+Roles+April09.doc.pdf},\r\n ABSTRACT = {This work presents a descriptive and analytic study of \r\n classes playing zero, one, or two roles in six different design \r\n patterns (and combinations thereof). 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