@techreport{
 title = {Monitoring bat activity at the Dutch EEZ in 2014},
 type = {techreport},
 year = {2015},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 pages = {11-12},
 city = {IMARES Report C094/15},
 id = {975a4871-9672-33b7-abfd-39f638f4a825},
 created = {2020-06-10T13:41:47.983Z},
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 abstract = {analyse the expected impacts of changes in policies and conditions on food markets and socio-economic groups in regions facing food insecurity. More specifically, LEI Wageningen UR, has been developing household and nutrition modules to enhance the analyses of its global economic simulation model, the Modular Applied GeNeral Equilibrium Tool (MAGNET) (Box 1), pertaining to food and nutrition security. This research project was developed jointly with the EU project 'FOODSECURE: Exploring the future of food and nutrition security', the research programme Global Food Security, and the Netherlands Assessment Agency (PBL). Market drivers and food security outcomes Different types of households are likely to feel the effects of economic shocks and changes in government policies in different ways because of differences in income and consumption patterns. For example, a contraction in a labour-intensive industry such as the textile industry will have a much greater impact on households deriving most of their income from this industry, compared with those engaging in, say, agricultural activities. Similarly, increases in the price of rice will typically affect poorer households that spend a larger proportion of their income on staples. Based on a careful selection of indicators on the socio-economic dimensions of food and nutrition security (for more details, see Laborde et al., 2013; Pangaribowo Evaluating the impact of policy on food and nutrition security outcomes at the household level Policy-and decision-makers need to 'take a look' into the future when formulating policies that are expected to have an impact on a population's food and nutrition security. It is difficult, however, to assess the impacts of policies on food and nutrition security outcomes because many factors that determine impacts are uncertain and interact at various scales and levels. Agricultural and food prices may change, for example, as a result of increased scarcity of fertile land, changing consumption patterns or a global macroeconomic downturn, affecting households and individuals in many different ways. Evaluating these impacts, however complicated, is crucial as it allows policies to respond better to the needs of various segments of the population and supports the development and implementation of appropriate global, regional and national strategies. 42 | The Food Puzzle | Evaluating the impact of policy on food and nutrition security outcomes at the household level et al., 2013), such mechanisms can be used to develop quantitative scenarios for future food and nutrition security (Figure 1). The MAGNET household module incorporates the theory and code of the MyGTAP model (Walmsley and Minor 2013; Minor and Walmsley 2013) to include multiple types of households grouped by income and consumption pattern (Kuiper and Shutes 2014). This allows the impact of economic shocks and policies to be assessed for different types of households and the identification of vulnerable household groups in selected countries. The method produces several indicators of future food security outcomes at the household level. The extended model also allows for an evaluation of the impact of government tax policies and subsidy programmes to redress undesirable social outcomes. Naturally, there are substantial limitations to this broad-brush type of analysis. Analysts, therefore, make allowances for missing data on informal markets, gender and intra-household distribution and sanitation standards and other key factors in their interpretation of results on household-level food and nutrition security outcomes in the future. Nutrients and the food basket To improve the analysis of dietary change and food and nutrition security and health consequences at the global, national and household level, it is important that models incorporate more detailed nutritional impacts. For example, insufficient intake of macronutrients or micronutrients could have important negative health effects in the long term, resulting in so-called deficiency diseases (WHO 2004). Micronutrients, in combination with limiting fat, salt and sugar intake, have an important role to play in combating diet-related chronic diseases, such as heart and cardiovascular disease, certain types of cancers, diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis and dental disease (WHO 2004). These negative health conditions have various feedback impacts on the economy as changes in mortality and morbidity affect labour market supply, productivity, well-being (utility) and health care costs. Agricultural economists are venturing into the nutritional domain by 'unpacking' the food products in the consumption basket in terms of their nutrient content – both macronutrients and micronutrients.},
 bibtype = {techreport},
 author = {Lagerveld, S. and Poerink, B.J. and de Vries, P.}
}

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Similarly, increases in the price of rice will typically affect poorer households that spend a larger proportion of their income on staples. Based on a careful selection of indicators on the socio-economic dimensions of food and nutrition security (for more details, see Laborde et al., 2013; Pangaribowo Evaluating the impact of policy on food and nutrition security outcomes at the household level Policy-and decision-makers need to 'take a look' into the future when formulating policies that are expected to have an impact on a population's food and nutrition security. It is difficult, however, to assess the impacts of policies on food and nutrition security outcomes because many factors that determine impacts are uncertain and interact at various scales and levels. Agricultural and food prices may change, for example, as a result of increased scarcity of fertile land, changing consumption patterns or a global macroeconomic downturn, affecting households and individuals in many different ways. Evaluating these impacts, however complicated, is crucial as it allows policies to respond better to the needs of various segments of the population and supports the development and implementation of appropriate global, regional and national strategies. 42 | The Food Puzzle | Evaluating the impact of policy on food and nutrition security outcomes at the household level et al., 2013), such mechanisms can be used to develop quantitative scenarios for future food and nutrition security (Figure 1). The MAGNET household module incorporates the theory and code of the MyGTAP model (Walmsley and Minor 2013; Minor and Walmsley 2013) to include multiple types of households grouped by income and consumption pattern (Kuiper and Shutes 2014). This allows the impact of economic shocks and policies to be assessed for different types of households and the identification of vulnerable household groups in selected countries. The method produces several indicators of future food security outcomes at the household level. The extended model also allows for an evaluation of the impact of government tax policies and subsidy programmes to redress undesirable social outcomes. Naturally, there are substantial limitations to this broad-brush type of analysis. Analysts, therefore, make allowances for missing data on informal markets, gender and intra-household distribution and sanitation standards and other key factors in their interpretation of results on household-level food and nutrition security outcomes in the future. Nutrients and the food basket To improve the analysis of dietary change and food and nutrition security and health consequences at the global, national and household level, it is important that models incorporate more detailed nutritional impacts. For example, insufficient intake of macronutrients or micronutrients could have important negative health effects in the long term, resulting in so-called deficiency diseases (WHO 2004). Micronutrients, in combination with limiting fat, salt and sugar intake, have an important role to play in combating diet-related chronic diseases, such as heart and cardiovascular disease, certain types of cancers, diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis and dental disease (WHO 2004). These negative health conditions have various feedback impacts on the economy as changes in mortality and morbidity affect labour market supply, productivity, well-being (utility) and health care costs. 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Agricultural and food prices may change, for example, as a result of increased scarcity of fertile land, changing consumption patterns or a global macroeconomic downturn, affecting households and individuals in many different ways. Evaluating these impacts, however complicated, is crucial as it allows policies to respond better to the needs of various segments of the population and supports the development and implementation of appropriate global, regional and national strategies. 42 | The Food Puzzle | Evaluating the impact of policy on food and nutrition security outcomes at the household level et al., 2013), such mechanisms can be used to develop quantitative scenarios for future food and nutrition security (Figure 1). The MAGNET household module incorporates the theory and code of the MyGTAP model (Walmsley and Minor 2013; Minor and Walmsley 2013) to include multiple types of households grouped by income and consumption pattern (Kuiper and Shutes 2014). 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