@article{Lambarey2024,
abstract = {Summary Background While acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated inflammation resulted in substantial morbidity and mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in unvaccinated patients, long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 exposure for reactivation of latent oncogenic herpesviruses, such as KSHV, is unknown. Methods We performed a longitudinal observational cross-sectional study on 407 non-hospitalised adult HIV-infected (CD4 count Findings KSHV seroprevalence was 53.5{\%}; the quarterly SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence increased from 76.2{\%} (before roll-out of COVID-19 vaccinations) to 94.9{\%}, with 32.2{\%} being self-reportedly vaccinated against COVID-19. Over the course of recruitment, the quarterly percentage of patients with detectable KSHV viral load (VL) in the peripheral blood increased from 3.3{\%} to 69.2{\%}. The presence of KSHV VL was significantly associated with SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody titers in unvaccinated (median RBD IgG OD 1.24 [IQR 0.82–2.42] in non-reactivated versus 2.83 [IQR 1.08–4.72] in reactivated patients, p = 0.0030) but not in vaccinated patients (median RBD IgG OD 5.13 [IQR 4.11–6.36] in non-reactivated versus 4.53 [IQR 2.90–5.92] in reactivated patients, p = 0.086). Further logistic regression revealed significantly higher odds of KSHV reactivation in unvaccinated, previously SARS-CoV-2 exposed patients (p = 0.015, adjusted OR 1.28 [95{\%} CI: 1.05–1.55]), but not vaccinated patients (p = 0.080, adjusted OR 0.83 [95{\%} CI: 0.67–1.02]). Interestingly, detectable KSHV VL was not associated with increased inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6. Interpretation High, and most likely repeated, exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in unvaccinated individuals may have long-term consequences for reactivation of KSHV infection as shown here in the context of HIV-infected patients with impaired immune functions. Post-pandemic prevention and/or monitoring strategies of potential KSHV-associated pathologies in high-risk patients with immunodeficiencies are therefore highly recommended. Funding This research was funded by the EDCTP2 programme (Training and Mobility Action TMA2018SF-2446).},
author = {Lambarey, Humaira and Blumenthal, Melissa J and Chetram, Abeen and Joyimbana, Wendy and Jennings, Lauren and Orrell, Catherine and Sch{\"{a}}fer, Georgia},
doi = {10.1016/J.EBIOM.2024.104986},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/01462563/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Lambarey et al. - 2024 - Reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) by SARS-CoV-2 in non-hospitalised HIV-infected p.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2352-3964},
journal = {eBioMedicine},
keywords = {ART,Covid-19 vaccination,HIV,KSHV,LMIC,OA,OA{\_}PMC,SARS-CoV-2,fund{\_}not{\_}ack,original},
mendeley-tags = {OA,OA{\_}PMC,fund{\_}not{\_}ack,original},
month = {feb},
pages = {104986},
pmid = {38306893},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) by SARS-CoV-2 in non-hospitalised HIV-infected patients}},
url = {http://www.thelancet.com/article/S2352396424000215/fulltext http://www.thelancet.com/article/S2352396424000215/abstract https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(24)00021-5/abstract},
volume = {100},
year = {2024}
}

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Methods We performed a longitudinal observational cross-sectional study on 407 non-hospitalised adult HIV-infected (CD4 count Findings KSHV seroprevalence was 53.5%; the quarterly SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence increased from 76.2% (before roll-out of COVID-19 vaccinations) to 94.9%, with 32.2% being self-reportedly vaccinated against COVID-19. Over the course of recruitment, the quarterly percentage of patients with detectable KSHV viral load (VL) in the peripheral blood increased from 3.3% to 69.2%. The presence of KSHV VL was significantly associated with SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody titers in unvaccinated (median RBD IgG OD 1.24 [IQR 0.82–2.42] in non-reactivated versus 2.83 [IQR 1.08–4.72] in reactivated patients, p = 0.0030) but not in vaccinated patients (median RBD IgG OD 5.13 [IQR 4.11–6.36] in non-reactivated versus 4.53 [IQR 2.90–5.92] in reactivated patients, p = 0.086). Further logistic regression revealed significantly higher odds of KSHV reactivation in unvaccinated, previously SARS-CoV-2 exposed patients (p = 0.015, adjusted OR 1.28 [95% CI: 1.05–1.55]), but not vaccinated patients (p = 0.080, adjusted OR 0.83 [95% CI: 0.67–1.02]). Interestingly, detectable KSHV VL was not associated with increased inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6. Interpretation High, and most likely repeated, exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in unvaccinated individuals may have long-term consequences for reactivation of KSHV infection as shown here in the context of HIV-infected patients with impaired immune functions. Post-pandemic prevention and/or monitoring strategies of potential KSHV-associated pathologies in high-risk patients with immunodeficiencies are therefore highly recommended. Funding This research was funded by the EDCTP2 programme (Training and Mobility Action TMA2018SF-2446).","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Lambarey"],"firstnames":["Humaira"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Blumenthal"],"firstnames":["Melissa","J"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Chetram"],"firstnames":["Abeen"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Joyimbana"],"firstnames":["Wendy"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Jennings"],"firstnames":["Lauren"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Orrell"],"firstnames":["Catherine"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Schäfer"],"firstnames":["Georgia"],"suffixes":[]}],"doi":"10.1016/J.EBIOM.2024.104986","file":":C$\\$:/Users/01462563/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Lambarey et al. - 2024 - Reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) by SARS-CoV-2 in non-hospitalised HIV-infected p.pdf:pdf","issn":"2352-3964","journal":"eBioMedicine","keywords":"ART,Covid-19 vaccination,HIV,KSHV,LMIC,OA,OA_PMC,SARS-CoV-2,fund_not_ack,original","mendeley-tags":"OA,OA_PMC,fund_not_ack,original","month":"feb","pages":"104986","pmid":"38306893","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) by SARS-CoV-2 in non-hospitalised HIV-infected patients","url":"http://www.thelancet.com/article/S2352396424000215/fulltext http://www.thelancet.com/article/S2352396424000215/abstract https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(24)00021-5/abstract","volume":"100","year":"2024","bibtex":"@article{Lambarey2024,\r\nabstract = {Summary Background While acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated inflammation resulted in substantial morbidity and mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in unvaccinated patients, long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 exposure for reactivation of latent oncogenic herpesviruses, such as KSHV, is unknown. Methods We performed a longitudinal observational cross-sectional study on 407 non-hospitalised adult HIV-infected (CD4 count Findings KSHV seroprevalence was 53.5{\\%}; the quarterly SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence increased from 76.2{\\%} (before roll-out of COVID-19 vaccinations) to 94.9{\\%}, with 32.2{\\%} being self-reportedly vaccinated against COVID-19. Over the course of recruitment, the quarterly percentage of patients with detectable KSHV viral load (VL) in the peripheral blood increased from 3.3{\\%} to 69.2{\\%}. The presence of KSHV VL was significantly associated with SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody titers in unvaccinated (median RBD IgG OD 1.24 [IQR 0.82–2.42] in non-reactivated versus 2.83 [IQR 1.08–4.72] in reactivated patients, p = 0.0030) but not in vaccinated patients (median RBD IgG OD 5.13 [IQR 4.11–6.36] in non-reactivated versus 4.53 [IQR 2.90–5.92] in reactivated patients, p = 0.086). Further logistic regression revealed significantly higher odds of KSHV reactivation in unvaccinated, previously SARS-CoV-2 exposed patients (p = 0.015, adjusted OR 1.28 [95{\\%} CI: 1.05–1.55]), but not vaccinated patients (p = 0.080, adjusted OR 0.83 [95{\\%} CI: 0.67–1.02]). Interestingly, detectable KSHV VL was not associated with increased inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6. Interpretation High, and most likely repeated, exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in unvaccinated individuals may have long-term consequences for reactivation of KSHV infection as shown here in the context of HIV-infected patients with impaired immune functions. Post-pandemic prevention and/or monitoring strategies of potential KSHV-associated pathologies in high-risk patients with immunodeficiencies are therefore highly recommended. 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