@article{
 title = {A dose-controlled system for air-liquid interface cell exposure and application to zinc oxide nanoparticles.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2009},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {air-liquid interface,and asthma are the,as chronic obstructive,cells,chronic lung diseases such,cloud effects,de,helmholtz-muenchen,lung cancer,otmar,presenting author email,pulmonary disease,pulmonary drug delivery to,schmid},
 pages = {32},
 volume = {6},
 websites = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2804607&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
 month = {1},
 id = {c678db75-8547-34e2-a436-78a5cbd99eb0},
 created = {2014-05-31T04:24:00.000Z},
 accessed = {2014-05-28},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {9edae5ec-3a23-3830-8934-2c27bef6ccbe},
 group_id = {63e349d6-2c70-3938-9e67-2f6483f6cbab},
 last_modified = {2014-11-19T06:00:18.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 abstract = {BACKGROUND: Engineered nanoparticles are becoming increasingly ubiquitous and their toxicological effects on human health, as well as on the ecosystem, have become a concern. Since initial contact with nanoparticles occurs at the epithelium in the lungs (or skin, or eyes), in vitro cell studies with nanoparticles require dose-controlled systems for delivery of nanoparticles to epithelial cells cultured at the air-liquid interface.

RESULTS: A novel air-liquid interface cell exposure system (ALICE) for nanoparticles in liquids is presented and validated. The ALICE generates a dense cloud of droplets with a vibrating membrane nebulizer and utilizes combined cloud settling and single particle sedimentation for fast (~10 min; entire exposure), repeatable (<12%), low-stress and efficient delivery of nanoparticles, or dissolved substances, to cells cultured at the air-liquid interface. Validation with various types of nanoparticles (Au, ZnO and carbon black nanoparticles) and solutes (such as NaCl) showed that the ALICE provided spatially uniform deposition (<1.6% variability) and had no adverse effect on the viability of a widely used alveolar human epithelial-like cell line (A549). The cell deposited dose can be controlled with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) over a dynamic range of at least 0.02-200 mug/cm(2). The cell-specific deposition efficiency is currently limited to 0.072 (7.2% for two commercially available 6-er transwell plates), but a deposition efficiency of up to 0.57 (57%) is possible for better cell coverage of the exposure chamber. Dose-response measurements with ZnO nanoparticles (0.3-8.5 mug/cm(2)) showed significant differences in mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory (IL-8) and oxidative stress (HO-1) markers when comparing submerged and air-liquid interface exposures. Both exposure methods showed no cellular response below 1 mug/cm(2 )ZnO, which indicates that ZnO nanoparticles are not toxic at occupationally allowed exposure levels.

CONCLUSION: The ALICE is a useful tool for dose-controlled nanoparticle (or solute) exposure of cells at the air-liquid interface. Significant differences between cellular response after ZnO nanoparticle exposure under submerged and air-liquid interface conditions suggest that pharmaceutical and toxicological studies with inhaled (nano-)particles should be performed under the more realistic air-liquid interface, rather than submerged cell conditions.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Lenz, Anke Gabriele and Karg, Erwin and Lentner, Bernd and Dittrich, Vlad and Brandenberger, Christina and Rothen-Rutishauser, Barbara and Schulz, Holger and Ferron, George a and Schmid, Otmar},
 journal = {Particle and fibre toxicology}
}

{"_id":"Dxz6pD2r3k4XaNR6v","bibbaseid":"lenz-karg-lentner-dittrich-brandenberger-rothenrutishauser-schulz-ferron-etal-adosecontrolledsystemforairliquidinterfacecellexposureandapplicationtozincoxidenanoparticles-2009","downloads":0,"creationDate":"2017-01-12T21:32:04.389Z","title":"A dose-controlled system for air-liquid interface cell exposure and application to zinc oxide nanoparticles.","author_short":["Lenz, A., G.","Karg, E.","Lentner, B.","Dittrich, V.","Brandenberger, C.","Rothen-Rutishauser, B.","Schulz, H.","Ferron, G., a.","Schmid, O."],"year":2009,"bibtype":"article","biburl":null,"bibdata":{"title":"A dose-controlled system for air-liquid interface cell exposure and application to zinc oxide nanoparticles.","type":"article","year":"2009","identifiers":"[object Object]","keywords":"air-liquid interface,and asthma are the,as chronic obstructive,cells,chronic lung diseases such,cloud effects,de,helmholtz-muenchen,lung cancer,otmar,presenting author email,pulmonary disease,pulmonary drug delivery to,schmid","pages":"32","volume":"6","websites":"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2804607&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract","month":"1","id":"c678db75-8547-34e2-a436-78a5cbd99eb0","created":"2014-05-31T04:24:00.000Z","accessed":"2014-05-28","file_attached":"true","profile_id":"9edae5ec-3a23-3830-8934-2c27bef6ccbe","group_id":"63e349d6-2c70-3938-9e67-2f6483f6cbab","last_modified":"2014-11-19T06:00:18.000Z","read":false,"starred":false,"authored":false,"confirmed":"true","hidden":false,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Engineered nanoparticles are becoming increasingly ubiquitous and their toxicological effects on human health, as well as on the ecosystem, have become a concern. Since initial contact with nanoparticles occurs at the epithelium in the lungs (or skin, or eyes), in vitro cell studies with nanoparticles require dose-controlled systems for delivery of nanoparticles to epithelial cells cultured at the air-liquid interface.\n\nRESULTS: A novel air-liquid interface cell exposure system (ALICE) for nanoparticles in liquids is presented and validated. The ALICE generates a dense cloud of droplets with a vibrating membrane nebulizer and utilizes combined cloud settling and single particle sedimentation for fast (~10 min; entire exposure), repeatable (<12%), low-stress and efficient delivery of nanoparticles, or dissolved substances, to cells cultured at the air-liquid interface. Validation with various types of nanoparticles (Au, ZnO and carbon black nanoparticles) and solutes (such as NaCl) showed that the ALICE provided spatially uniform deposition (<1.6% variability) and had no adverse effect on the viability of a widely used alveolar human epithelial-like cell line (A549). The cell deposited dose can be controlled with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) over a dynamic range of at least 0.02-200 mug/cm(2). The cell-specific deposition efficiency is currently limited to 0.072 (7.2% for two commercially available 6-er transwell plates), but a deposition efficiency of up to 0.57 (57%) is possible for better cell coverage of the exposure chamber. Dose-response measurements with ZnO nanoparticles (0.3-8.5 mug/cm(2)) showed significant differences in mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory (IL-8) and oxidative stress (HO-1) markers when comparing submerged and air-liquid interface exposures. Both exposure methods showed no cellular response below 1 mug/cm(2 )ZnO, which indicates that ZnO nanoparticles are not toxic at occupationally allowed exposure levels.\n\nCONCLUSION: The ALICE is a useful tool for dose-controlled nanoparticle (or solute) exposure of cells at the air-liquid interface. Significant differences between cellular response after ZnO nanoparticle exposure under submerged and air-liquid interface conditions suggest that pharmaceutical and toxicological studies with inhaled (nano-)particles should be performed under the more realistic air-liquid interface, rather than submerged cell conditions.","bibtype":"article","author":"Lenz, Anke Gabriele and Karg, Erwin and Lentner, Bernd and Dittrich, Vlad and Brandenberger, Christina and Rothen-Rutishauser, Barbara and Schulz, Holger and Ferron, George a and Schmid, Otmar","journal":"Particle and fibre toxicology","bibtex":"@article{\n title = {A dose-controlled system for air-liquid interface cell exposure and application to zinc oxide nanoparticles.},\n type = {article},\n year = {2009},\n identifiers = {[object Object]},\n keywords = {air-liquid interface,and asthma are the,as chronic obstructive,cells,chronic lung diseases such,cloud effects,de,helmholtz-muenchen,lung cancer,otmar,presenting author email,pulmonary disease,pulmonary drug delivery to,schmid},\n pages = {32},\n volume = {6},\n websites = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2804607&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},\n month = {1},\n id = {c678db75-8547-34e2-a436-78a5cbd99eb0},\n created = {2014-05-31T04:24:00.000Z},\n accessed = {2014-05-28},\n file_attached = {true},\n profile_id = {9edae5ec-3a23-3830-8934-2c27bef6ccbe},\n group_id = {63e349d6-2c70-3938-9e67-2f6483f6cbab},\n last_modified = {2014-11-19T06:00:18.000Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n abstract = {BACKGROUND: Engineered nanoparticles are becoming increasingly ubiquitous and their toxicological effects on human health, as well as on the ecosystem, have become a concern. 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Validation with various types of nanoparticles (Au, ZnO and carbon black nanoparticles) and solutes (such as NaCl) showed that the ALICE provided spatially uniform deposition (<1.6% variability) and had no adverse effect on the viability of a widely used alveolar human epithelial-like cell line (A549). The cell deposited dose can be controlled with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) over a dynamic range of at least 0.02-200 mug/cm(2). The cell-specific deposition efficiency is currently limited to 0.072 (7.2% for two commercially available 6-er transwell plates), but a deposition efficiency of up to 0.57 (57%) is possible for better cell coverage of the exposure chamber. Dose-response measurements with ZnO nanoparticles (0.3-8.5 mug/cm(2)) showed significant differences in mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory (IL-8) and oxidative stress (HO-1) markers when comparing submerged and air-liquid interface exposures. 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