Downregulation of Cinnamoyl-Coenzyme A Reductase in Poplar: Multiple-Level Phenotyping Reveals Effects on Cell Wall Polymer Metabolism and Structure. Leplé, J., Dauwe, R., Morreel, K., Storme, V., Lapierre, C., Pollet, B., Naumann, A., Kang, K., Kim, H., Ruel, K., Lefèbvre, A., Joseleau, J., Grima-Pettenati, J., De Rycke, R., Andersson-Gunnerås, S., Erban, A., Fehrle, I., Petit-Conil, M., Kopka, J., Polle, A., Messens, E., Sundberg, B., Mansfield, S. D., Ralph, J., Pilate, G., & Boerjan, W. The Plant Cell, 19(11):3669–3691, December, 2007.
Downregulation of Cinnamoyl-Coenzyme A Reductase in Poplar: Multiple-Level Phenotyping Reveals Effects on Cell Wall Polymer Metabolism and Structure [link]Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   
Abstract Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) catalyzes the penultimate step in monolignol biosynthesis. We show that downregulation of CCR in transgenic poplar (Populus tremula × Populus alba) was associated with up to 50% reduced lignin content and an orange-brown, often patchy, coloration of the outer xylem. Thioacidolysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), immunocytochemistry of lignin epitopes, and oligolignol profiling indicated that lignin was relatively more reduced in syringyl than in guaiacyl units. The cohesion of the walls was affected, particularly at sites that are generally richer in syringyl units in wild-type poplar. Ferulic acid was incorporated into the lignin via ether bonds, as evidenced independently by thioacidolysis and by NMR. A synthetic lignin incorporating ferulic acid had a red-brown coloration, suggesting that the xylem coloration was due to the presence of ferulic acid during lignification. Elevated ferulic acid levels were also observed in the form of esters. Transcript and metabolite profiling were used as comprehensive phenotyping tools to investigate how CCR downregulation impacted metabolism and the biosynthesis of other cell wall polymers. Both methods suggested reduced biosynthesis and increased breakdown or remodeling of noncellulosic cell wall polymers, which was further supported by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and wet chemistry analysis. The reduced levels of lignin and hemicellulose were associated with an increased proportion of cellulose. Furthermore, the transcript and metabolite profiling data pointed toward a stress response induced by the altered cell wall structure. Finally, chemical pulping of wood derived from 5-year-old, field-grown transgenic lines revealed improved pulping characteristics, but growth was affected in all transgenic lines tested.
@article{leple_downregulation_2007,
	title = {Downregulation of {Cinnamoyl}-{Coenzyme} {A} {Reductase} in {Poplar}: {Multiple}-{Level} {Phenotyping} {Reveals} {Effects} on {Cell} {Wall} {Polymer} {Metabolism} and {Structure}},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1532-298X},
	shorttitle = {Downregulation of {Cinnamoyl}-{Coenzyme} {A} {Reductase} in {Poplar}},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/plcell/article/19/11/3669/6100060},
	doi = {10/b4rvsq},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) catalyzes the penultimate step in monolignol biosynthesis. We show that downregulation of CCR in transgenic poplar (Populus tremula × Populus alba) was associated with up to 50\% reduced lignin content and an orange-brown, often patchy, coloration of the outer xylem. Thioacidolysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), immunocytochemistry of lignin epitopes, and oligolignol profiling indicated that lignin was relatively more reduced in syringyl than in guaiacyl units. The cohesion of the walls was affected, particularly at sites that are generally richer in syringyl units in wild-type poplar. Ferulic acid was incorporated into the lignin via ether bonds, as evidenced independently by thioacidolysis and by NMR. A synthetic lignin incorporating ferulic acid had a red-brown coloration, suggesting that the xylem coloration was due to the presence of ferulic acid during lignification. Elevated ferulic acid levels were also observed in the form of esters. Transcript and metabolite profiling were used as comprehensive phenotyping tools to investigate how CCR downregulation impacted metabolism and the biosynthesis of other cell wall polymers. Both methods suggested reduced biosynthesis and increased breakdown or remodeling of noncellulosic cell wall polymers, which was further supported by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and wet chemistry analysis. The reduced levels of lignin and hemicellulose were associated with an increased proportion of cellulose. Furthermore, the transcript and metabolite profiling data pointed toward a stress response induced by the altered cell wall structure. Finally, chemical pulping of wood derived from 5-year-old, field-grown transgenic lines revealed improved pulping characteristics, but growth was affected in all transgenic lines tested.},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2021-06-10},
	journal = {The Plant Cell},
	author = {Leplé, Jean-Charles and Dauwe, Rebecca and Morreel, Kris and Storme, Véronique and Lapierre, Catherine and Pollet, Brigitte and Naumann, Annette and Kang, Kyu-Young and Kim, Hoon and Ruel, Katia and Lefèbvre, Andrée and Joseleau, Jean-Paul and Grima-Pettenati, Jacqueline and De Rycke, Riet and Andersson-Gunnerås, Sara and Erban, Alexander and Fehrle, Ines and Petit-Conil, Michel and Kopka, Joachim and Polle, Andrea and Messens, Eric and Sundberg, Björn and Mansfield, Shawn D. and Ralph, John and Pilate, Gilles and Boerjan, Wout},
	month = dec,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {3669--3691},
}
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