Crystallization and mechanical behavior of the ferroelectric polymer nonwoven fiber fabrics for highly durable wearable sensor applications. Liu, Z. H., Pan, C. T., Yen, C. K., Lin, L. W., Huang, J. C., & Ke, C. A. APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE, 346:291-301, AUG 15, 2015.
doi  abstract   bibtex   
The mechanical characterization of the electrospinning polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nonwoven fiber fabrics (NFFs) doped with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was investigated. Piezoelectric composite nanofibers of the PVDF/MWCNTs were directly electrospun by the hollow cylindrical near-field electrospinning (HCNFES) without any post-poling treatment. We have made the HCNFES NFFs consisted of high-orderly arranged nanofiber assemblies for further characterizing the effect of MWCNTs filling PVDF nanofibers. An in situ electrical poling and high uniaxial stretching imparted on the polymer jet during the HCNFES process, which naturally align the dipoles in the PVDF crystals and promote the formation of the polar beta-crystalline phase within the fibers. Moreover, the reinforcement of the HCNFES PVDF nanofibers indicated the improvement in mechanical properties and the degree of high oriented extended-chain crystallites through adding adequate contents of MWCNTs. In the case of alignment of the all-trans polymer chains in the vicinity of MWCNTs along the fiber axis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed the strongest diffraction peak of the beta-crystalline phase. In the comparison of the near-field electrospinning (NFES), the HCNFES nanofibers with smooth surface and smaller diameter can easily form high density structural NFFs. After nano-indentation and tensile strength measurements, the results indicated that the mechanical properties of the HCNFES NFFs are better than the NFES ones. When 16 wt% PVDF solution doped with 0.03 wt% MWCNTs, the results reveal that Young's modulus, hardness, yield stress, yield strain, ultimate tensile strength, and strain at break of the HCNFES composite NFFs are obviously enhanced to 1.39 GPa, 39.6 MPa, 28 MPa, 48.17 MPa, 3.3%, and 32.5%, respectively. Finally, a flexible wearable sensor made of three-dimensional piezoelectric NFFs was actually experimented. Outstanding mechanical properties with highly deformable of PVDF/MWCNTs composite nanofibers would maintain it to represent great challenges during practical implementation. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
@article{ ISI:000355017000039,
Author = {Liu, Z. H. and Pan, C. T. and Yen, C. K. and Lin, L. W. and Huang, J. C.
   and Ke, C. A.},
Title = {{Crystallization and mechanical behavior of the ferroelectric polymer
   nonwoven fiber fabrics for highly durable wearable sensor applications}},
Journal = {{APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE}},
Year = {{2015}},
Volume = {{346}},
Pages = {{291-301}},
Month = {{AUG 15}},
Abstract = {{The mechanical characterization of the electrospinning polyvinylidene
   fluoride (PVDF) nonwoven fiber fabrics (NFFs) doped with multi-walled
   carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was investigated. Piezoelectric composite
   nanofibers of the PVDF/MWCNTs were directly electrospun by the hollow
   cylindrical near-field electrospinning (HCNFES) without any post-poling
   treatment. We have made the HCNFES NFFs consisted of high-orderly
   arranged nanofiber assemblies for further characterizing the effect of
   MWCNTs filling PVDF nanofibers. An in situ electrical poling and high
   uniaxial stretching imparted on the polymer jet during the HCNFES
   process, which naturally align the dipoles in the PVDF crystals and
   promote the formation of the polar beta-crystalline phase within the
   fibers. Moreover, the reinforcement of the HCNFES PVDF nanofibers
   indicated the improvement in mechanical properties and the degree of
   high oriented extended-chain crystallites through adding adequate
   contents of MWCNTs. In the case of alignment of the all-trans polymer
   chains in the vicinity of MWCNTs along the fiber axis, X-ray diffraction
   (XRD) patterns showed the strongest diffraction peak of the
   beta-crystalline phase. In the comparison of the near-field
   electrospinning (NFES), the HCNFES nanofibers with smooth surface and
   smaller diameter can easily form high density structural NFFs. After
   nano-indentation and tensile strength measurements, the results
   indicated that the mechanical properties of the HCNFES NFFs are better
   than the NFES ones. When 16 wt\% PVDF solution doped with 0.03 wt\%
   MWCNTs, the results reveal that Young's modulus, hardness, yield stress,
   yield strain, ultimate tensile strength, and strain at break of the
   HCNFES composite NFFs are obviously enhanced to 1.39 GPa, 39.6 MPa, 28
   MPa, 48.17 MPa, 3.3\%, and 32.5\%, respectively. Finally, a flexible
   wearable sensor made of three-dimensional piezoelectric NFFs was
   actually experimented. Outstanding mechanical properties with highly
   deformable of PVDF/MWCNTs composite nanofibers would maintain it to
   represent great challenges during practical implementation. (C) 2015
   Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}},
DOI = {{10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.03.173}},
ISSN = {{0169-4332}},
EISSN = {{1873-5584}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Pan, CT/E-4776-2013
   Yen, Chung Kun/AAB-3248-2020
   }},
ORCID-Numbers = {{HUANG, Jacob Chih Ching/0000-0001-6843-3396}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000355017000039}},
}

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