User evaluation of lightweight user authentication with a single tri-axis accelerometer. Liu, J., Zhong, L., Wickramasuriya, J., & Vasudevan, V. In Proceedings of International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI), 2009. ACM.
User evaluation of lightweight user authentication with a single tri-axis accelerometer [link]Website  abstract   bibtex   
We report a series of user studies that evaluate the feasibility and usability of light-weight user authentication with a single tri-axis accelerometer. We base our investigation on uWave, a state-of-the-art recognition system for user-created free-space manipulation, or gestures. Our user studies address two types of user authentication: non-critical authentication (or identification) for a user to retrieve privacy-insensitive data; and critical authentication for protecting privacy-sensitive data. For non-critical authentication, our evaluation shows that uWave achieves high recognition accuracy (98%) and its usability is comparable with text ID-based authentication. Our results also highlight the importance of constraints for users to select their gestures. For critical authentication, the evaluation shows uWave achieves state-of-the-art resilience to attacks with 3% false positives and 3% false negatives, or 3% equal error rate. We also show that the equal error rate increases to 10% if the attackers see the users performing their gestures. This shows the limitation of gesture-based authentication and highlights the need for visual concealment.
@inProceedings{
 title = {User evaluation of lightweight user authentication with a single tri-axis accelerometer},
 type = {inProceedings},
 year = {2009},
 keywords = {accelerometer,amulet,authentication,evaluation,gesture,study,user,user-study},
 websites = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1613858.1613878},
 publisher = {ACM},
 id = {9f108abb-7458-38ee-8bdb-8aa3f40539c2},
 created = {2018-07-12T21:32:12.724Z},
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 last_modified = {2018-07-12T21:32:12.724Z},
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 citation_key = {liu:gestures09},
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 abstract = {We report a series of user studies that evaluate the feasibility and usability of light-weight user authentication with a single tri-axis accelerometer. We base our investigation on uWave, a state-of-the-art recognition system for user-created free-space manipulation, or gestures. Our user studies address two types of user authentication: non-critical authentication (or identification) for a user to retrieve privacy-insensitive data; and critical authentication for protecting privacy-sensitive data. For non-critical authentication, our evaluation shows that uWave achieves high recognition accuracy (98%) and its usability is comparable with text ID-based authentication. Our results also highlight the importance of constraints for users to select their gestures. For critical authentication, the evaluation shows uWave achieves state-of-the-art resilience to attacks with 3% false positives and 3% false negatives, or 3% equal error rate. We also show that the equal error rate increases to 10% if the attackers see the users performing their gestures. This shows the limitation of gesture-based authentication and highlights the need for visual concealment.},
 bibtype = {inProceedings},
 author = {Liu, Jiayang and Zhong, Lin and Wickramasuriya, Jehan and Vasudevan, Venu},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI)}
}

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