Gender in obsessive-compulsive disorder: clinical and genetic findings. Lochner, C., Hemmings, S. M. J., Kinnear, C. J., Moolman-Smook, J. C., Corfield, V. A., Knowles, J. A., Niehaus, D. J. H., & Stein, D. J. European Neuropsychopharmacology: The Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 14(2):105–113, March, 2004. 00137
doi  abstract   bibtex   
BACKGROUND: There is increasing recognition that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is not a homogeneous entity. It has been suggested that gender may contribute to the clinical and biological heterogeneity of OCD. METHODS: Two hundred and twenty patients (n=220; 107 male, 113 female) with DSM-IV OCD (age: 36.40+/-13.46) underwent structured interviews. A subset of Caucasian subjects (n=178), including subjects from the genetically homogeneous Afrikaner population (n=81), and of matched control subjects (n=161), was genotyped for polymorphisms in genes involved in monoamine function. Clinical and genetic data were statistically analyzed across gender. RESULTS: Compared with females, males with OCD (1) had an earlier age of onset, and a trend toward having more tics and worse outcome, (2) had somewhat differing patterns of OCD symptomatology and axis I comorbidity, and (3) in the Caucasian group, were more likely to have the high activity T allele of the EcoRV variant of the monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) gene compared to controls, and (4) in the Afrikaner subgroup, were more frequently homozygous for the C allele at the G861C variant of the 5HT(1D beta) gene than controls. Females with OCD (1) reported more sexual abuse during childhood than males, (2) often noted changes in obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the premenstrual/menstrual period as well as during/shortly after pregnancy, and with menopause, and (3) in the Caucasian subgroup, were more frequently homozygous for the low activity C allele of the EcoRV variant of the MAO-A gene compared to controls, with this allele also more frequent in female patients than controls. CONCLUSION: This study supports the hypothesis that gender contributes to the clinical and biological heterogeneity of OCD. A sexually dimorphic pattern of genetic susceptibility to OCD may be present. Further work is, however, needed to delineate the mechanisms that are responsible for mediating the effects of gender.
@article{lochner_gender_2004,
	title = {Gender in obsessive-compulsive disorder: clinical and genetic findings},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {0924-977X},
	shorttitle = {Gender in obsessive-compulsive disorder},
	doi = {10.1016/S0924-977X(03)00063-4},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: There is increasing recognition that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is not a homogeneous entity. It has been suggested that gender may contribute to the clinical and biological heterogeneity of OCD.
METHODS: Two hundred and twenty patients (n=220; 107 male, 113 female) with DSM-IV OCD (age: 36.40+/-13.46) underwent structured interviews. A subset of Caucasian subjects (n=178), including subjects from the genetically homogeneous Afrikaner population (n=81), and of matched control subjects (n=161), was genotyped for polymorphisms in genes involved in monoamine function. Clinical and genetic data were statistically analyzed across gender.
RESULTS: Compared with females, males with OCD (1) had an earlier age of onset, and a trend toward having more tics and worse outcome, (2) had somewhat differing patterns of OCD symptomatology and axis I comorbidity, and (3) in the Caucasian group, were more likely to have the high activity T allele of the EcoRV variant of the monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) gene compared to controls, and (4) in the Afrikaner subgroup, were more frequently homozygous for the C allele at the G861C variant of the 5HT(1D beta) gene than controls. Females with OCD (1) reported more sexual abuse during childhood than males, (2) often noted changes in obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the premenstrual/menstrual period as well as during/shortly after pregnancy, and with menopause, and (3) in the Caucasian subgroup, were more frequently homozygous for the low activity C allele of the EcoRV variant of the MAO-A gene compared to controls, with this allele also more frequent in female patients than controls.
CONCLUSION: This study supports the hypothesis that gender contributes to the clinical and biological heterogeneity of OCD. A sexually dimorphic pattern of genetic susceptibility to OCD may be present. Further work is, however, needed to delineate the mechanisms that are responsible for mediating the effects of gender.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {2},
	journal = {European Neuropsychopharmacology: The Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology},
	author = {Lochner, Christine and Hemmings, Sian M. J. and Kinnear, Craig J. and Moolman-Smook, Johanna C. and Corfield, Valerie A. and Knowles, James A. and Niehaus, Dana J. H. and Stein, Dan J.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {15013025},
	note = {00137 },
	keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age of Onset, Aged, Case-Control Studies, Comorbidity, Cysteine, Female, Gene Frequency, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genetic Variation, Genotype, Glycine, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Middle Aged, Monoamine Oxidase, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Polymorphism, Genetic, Pregnancy, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Quality of Life, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1D, Serotonin, Sex Characteristics, South Africa},
	pages = {105--113},
}
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