@article{locke_consistency_2025,
	title = {The {Consistency} of {Hypercapnic} {Respiratory} {Failure} {Case} {Definitions} in {Electronic} {Health} {Record} {Data}},
	issn = {1931-3543},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chest.2025.08.002},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Several studies suggest a high prevalence and disease burden associated with hypercapnic respiratory failure of any cause in emergency department (ED) and inpatient settings. However, these studies use different case definitions. The consistency and validity of these case definitions have not been assessed.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS: Do the various case definitions from health record-based studies of adults with hypercapnic respiratory failure identify the same, or similar, patients?
METHODS: We identified case definitions for hypercapnic respiratory failure from the peer-reviewed literature. We constructed an emulation dataset enriched for the presence of hypercapnic respiratory failure from TriNetX, which aggregates health records from 76 hospitals in the United States. Adult ED and inpatient encounters occurring in 2022 were eligible for inclusion. We assessed consistency among case definitions by applying them to the emulation dataset on the day of ED or hospital admission. We calculated Cohen's kappa (κ) and compared the patient characteristics and short-term outcomes for the cohorts defined by each case definition. We evaluated the accuracy of hypercapnic respiratory failure diagnosis codes for capturing hypercapnia demonstrated on first-day arterial blood gas samples.
RESULTS: Ten case definitions for hypercapnic respiratory failure were identified and amenable to emulation. The emulation dataset contained 515,286 encounters. Case definitions showed limited agreement (median κ = 0.35, interquartile range 0.21-0.56) for hypercapnic respiratory failure identification. Key demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes such as receiving ventilatory support (range 29-100\%) and 30-day mortality (range 18-35\%) varied substantially between the resulting cohorts. Diagnosis codes were insensitive for capturing first-day arterial blood gas-demonstrated hypercapnia (sensitivity 23.5\%, CI 23.1 to 23.8\%).
INTERPRETATION: Case definitions from studies of hypercapnic respiratory failure identify patients with widely different attributes and outcomes, thereby hampering interpretation of associated study findings. Standardization of case definitions is necessary to improve the rigor and generalizability of research on hypercapnic respiratory failure.},
	language = {eng},
	journal = {Chest},
	author = {Locke, Brian W. and Richards, W. Wayne and Gouripeddi, Ramkiran and Brown, Jeanette P. and Finkelstein, Joseph and Sundar, Krishna M. and Peltan, Ithan D. and Brown, Samuel M.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2025},
	keywords = {Case Definition, Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure, Hypercarbia, Hypoventilation, Research Methods},
	pages = {S0012--3692(25)05126--8},
}

{"_id":"sCjW5JLNQz5JjTBYC","bibbaseid":"locke-richards-gouripeddi-brown-finkelstein-sundar-peltan-brown-theconsistencyofhypercapnicrespiratoryfailurecasedefinitionsinelectronichealthrecorddata-2025","author_short":["Locke, B. W.","Richards, W. W.","Gouripeddi, R.","Brown, J. P.","Finkelstein, J.","Sundar, K. M.","Peltan, I. D.","Brown, S. M."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","title":"The Consistency of Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure Case Definitions in Electronic Health Record Data","issn":"1931-3543","doi":"10.1016/j.chest.2025.08.002","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Several studies suggest a high prevalence and disease burden associated with hypercapnic respiratory failure of any cause in emergency department (ED) and inpatient settings. However, these studies use different case definitions. The consistency and validity of these case definitions have not been assessed. RESEARCH QUESTIONS: Do the various case definitions from health record-based studies of adults with hypercapnic respiratory failure identify the same, or similar, patients? METHODS: We identified case definitions for hypercapnic respiratory failure from the peer-reviewed literature. We constructed an emulation dataset enriched for the presence of hypercapnic respiratory failure from TriNetX, which aggregates health records from 76 hospitals in the United States. Adult ED and inpatient encounters occurring in 2022 were eligible for inclusion. We assessed consistency among case definitions by applying them to the emulation dataset on the day of ED or hospital admission. We calculated Cohen's kappa (κ) and compared the patient characteristics and short-term outcomes for the cohorts defined by each case definition. We evaluated the accuracy of hypercapnic respiratory failure diagnosis codes for capturing hypercapnia demonstrated on first-day arterial blood gas samples. RESULTS: Ten case definitions for hypercapnic respiratory failure were identified and amenable to emulation. The emulation dataset contained 515,286 encounters. Case definitions showed limited agreement (median κ = 0.35, interquartile range 0.21-0.56) for hypercapnic respiratory failure identification. Key demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes such as receiving ventilatory support (range 29-100%) and 30-day mortality (range 18-35%) varied substantially between the resulting cohorts. Diagnosis codes were insensitive for capturing first-day arterial blood gas-demonstrated hypercapnia (sensitivity 23.5%, CI 23.1 to 23.8%). INTERPRETATION: Case definitions from studies of hypercapnic respiratory failure identify patients with widely different attributes and outcomes, thereby hampering interpretation of associated study findings. Standardization of case definitions is necessary to improve the rigor and generalizability of research on hypercapnic respiratory failure.","language":"eng","journal":"Chest","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Locke"],"firstnames":["Brian","W."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Richards"],"firstnames":["W.","Wayne"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Gouripeddi"],"firstnames":["Ramkiran"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Brown"],"firstnames":["Jeanette","P."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Finkelstein"],"firstnames":["Joseph"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Sundar"],"firstnames":["Krishna","M."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Peltan"],"firstnames":["Ithan","D."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Brown"],"firstnames":["Samuel","M."],"suffixes":[]}],"month":"August","year":"2025","keywords":"Case Definition, Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure, Hypercarbia, Hypoventilation, Research Methods","pages":"S0012–3692(25)05126–8","bibtex":"@article{locke_consistency_2025,\n\ttitle = {The {Consistency} of {Hypercapnic} {Respiratory} {Failure} {Case} {Definitions} in {Electronic} {Health} {Record} {Data}},\n\tissn = {1931-3543},\n\tdoi = {10.1016/j.chest.2025.08.002},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND: Several studies suggest a high prevalence and disease burden associated with hypercapnic respiratory failure of any cause in emergency department (ED) and inpatient settings. However, these studies use different case definitions. The consistency and validity of these case definitions have not been assessed.\nRESEARCH QUESTIONS: Do the various case definitions from health record-based studies of adults with hypercapnic respiratory failure identify the same, or similar, patients?\nMETHODS: We identified case definitions for hypercapnic respiratory failure from the peer-reviewed literature. We constructed an emulation dataset enriched for the presence of hypercapnic respiratory failure from TriNetX, which aggregates health records from 76 hospitals in the United States. Adult ED and inpatient encounters occurring in 2022 were eligible for inclusion. We assessed consistency among case definitions by applying them to the emulation dataset on the day of ED or hospital admission. We calculated Cohen's kappa (κ) and compared the patient characteristics and short-term outcomes for the cohorts defined by each case definition. We evaluated the accuracy of hypercapnic respiratory failure diagnosis codes for capturing hypercapnia demonstrated on first-day arterial blood gas samples.\nRESULTS: Ten case definitions for hypercapnic respiratory failure were identified and amenable to emulation. The emulation dataset contained 515,286 encounters. Case definitions showed limited agreement (median κ = 0.35, interquartile range 0.21-0.56) for hypercapnic respiratory failure identification. Key demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes such as receiving ventilatory support (range 29-100\\%) and 30-day mortality (range 18-35\\%) varied substantially between the resulting cohorts. Diagnosis codes were insensitive for capturing first-day arterial blood gas-demonstrated hypercapnia (sensitivity 23.5\\%, CI 23.1 to 23.8\\%).\nINTERPRETATION: Case definitions from studies of hypercapnic respiratory failure identify patients with widely different attributes and outcomes, thereby hampering interpretation of associated study findings. Standardization of case definitions is necessary to improve the rigor and generalizability of research on hypercapnic respiratory failure.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tjournal = {Chest},\n\tauthor = {Locke, Brian W. and Richards, W. Wayne and Gouripeddi, Ramkiran and Brown, Jeanette P. and Finkelstein, Joseph and Sundar, Krishna M. and Peltan, Ithan D. and Brown, Samuel M.},\n\tmonth = aug,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Case Definition, Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure, Hypercarbia, Hypoventilation, Research Methods},\n\tpages = {S0012--3692(25)05126--8},\n}\n\n","author_short":["Locke, B. W.","Richards, W. W.","Gouripeddi, R.","Brown, J. P.","Finkelstein, J.","Sundar, K. M.","Peltan, I. D.","Brown, S. 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