Double pulse laser induced breakdown spectroscopy of a solid in water: Effect of hydrostatic pressure on laser induced plasma, cavitation bubble and emission spectra. Lopez-Claros, M., Dell'Aglio, M., Gaudiuso, R., Santagata, A., De Giacomo, A., Fortes, F. J., & Laserna, J. J. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART B-ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY, 133:63-71, JUL 1, 2017.
doi  abstract   bibtex   
There is a growing interest in the development of sensors use in exploration of the deep ocean. Techniques for the chemical analysis of submerged solids are of special interest, as they show promise for subsea mining applications where a rapid sorting of materials found in the sea bottom would improve efficiency. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) has demonstrated potential for this application thanks to its unique capability of providing the atomic composition of submerged solids. Here we present a study on the parameters that affect the spectral response of metallic targets in an oceanic pressure environment. Following laser excitation of the solid, the plasma persistence and the cavitation bubble size are considerably reduced as the hydrostatic pressure increases. These effects are of particular concern in dual pulse excitation as reported here, where a careful choice of the interpulse timing is required. Shadowgraphic images of the plasma demonstrate that cavitation bubbles are formed early after the plasma onset and that the effect of hydrostatic pressure is negligible during the early stage of plasma expansion. Contrarily to what is observed at atmospheric pressure, emission spectra observed at high pressures are characterized by self-absorbed atomic lines on continuum radiation resulting from strong radiative recombination in the electron-rich confined environment. This effect is much less evident with ionic lines due to the much higher energy of the levels involved and ionization energy of ions, as well as to the lower extent of absorption effects occurring in the inner part of the plasma, where ionized species are more abundant. As a result of the smaller shorter-lived cavitation bubble, the LIBS intensity enhancement resulting from dual pulse excitation is reduced when the applied pressure increases. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
@article{ ISI:000403859500011,
Author = {Lopez-Claros, M. and Dell'Aglio, M. and Gaudiuso, R. and Santagata, A.
   and De Giacomo, A. and Fortes, F. J. and Laserna, J. J.},
Title = {{Double pulse laser induced breakdown spectroscopy of a solid in water:
   Effect of hydrostatic pressure on laser induced plasma, cavitation
   bubble and emission spectra}},
Journal = {{SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART B-ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY}},
Year = {{2017}},
Volume = {{133}},
Pages = {{63-71}},
Month = {{JUL 1}},
Abstract = {{There is a growing interest in the development of sensors use in
   exploration of the deep ocean. Techniques for the chemical analysis of
   submerged solids are of special interest, as they show promise for
   subsea mining applications where a rapid sorting of materials found in
   the sea bottom would improve efficiency. Laser-Induced Breakdown
   Spectroscopy (LIBS) has demonstrated potential for this application
   thanks to its unique capability of providing the atomic composition of
   submerged solids. Here we present a study on the parameters that affect
   the spectral response of metallic targets in an oceanic pressure
   environment. Following laser excitation of the solid, the plasma
   persistence and the cavitation bubble size are considerably reduced as
   the hydrostatic pressure increases. These effects are of particular
   concern in dual pulse excitation as reported here, where a careful
   choice of the interpulse timing is required. Shadowgraphic images of the
   plasma demonstrate that cavitation bubbles are formed early after the
   plasma onset and that the effect of hydrostatic pressure is negligible
   during the early stage of plasma expansion. Contrarily to what is
   observed at atmospheric pressure, emission spectra observed at high
   pressures are characterized by self-absorbed atomic lines on continuum
   radiation resulting from strong radiative recombination in the
   electron-rich confined environment. This effect is much less evident
   with ionic lines due to the much higher energy of the levels involved
   and ionization energy of ions, as well as to the lower extent of
   absorption effects occurring in the inner part of the plasma, where
   ionized species are more abundant. As a result of the smaller
   shorter-lived cavitation bubble, the LIBS intensity enhancement
   resulting from dual pulse excitation is reduced when the applied
   pressure increases. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}},
DOI = {{10.1016/j.sab.2017.02.010}},
ISSN = {{0584-8547}},
ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Dell'Aglio, Marcella/B-8324-2015
   Laserna, Javier/C-6637-2013}},
ORCID-Numbers = {{Santagata, Antonio/0000-0002-1409-3135
   De Giacomo, Alessandro/0000-0003-4744-0196
   Fortes, Francisco Javier/0000-0001-5265-1559
   Dell'Aglio, Marcella/0000-0002-9639-6489
   Laserna, Javier/0000-0002-2653-9528}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000403859500011}},
}
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