@article{ma_seeds_2021,
	title = {Seeds {Don}'t {Sink}: {Even} {Massive} {Black} {Hole} "{Seeds}" {Cannot} {Migrate} to {Galaxy} {Centers} {Efficiently}},
	volume = {2101},
	shorttitle = {Seeds {Don}'t {Sink}},
	url = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021arXiv210102727M},
	abstract = {Possible formation scenarios of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in the 
early universe include rapid growth from less massive seed black holes
(BHs) via super-Eddington accretion or runaway mergers, yet both of
these scenarios would require seed BHs to efficiently sink to and be
trapped in the galactic center via dynamical friction (DF). This may not
be true for their complicated dynamics in clumpy high-\$z\$ galaxies. In
this work we study this "sinking problem" with state-of-the-art
high-resolution cosmological simulations, combined with both direct
\$N\$-body integration of seed BH trajectories and post-processing of
randomly generated test particles with a newly developed DF estimator.
We find that seed BHs less massive than \$10{\textasciicircum}8{\textbackslash},M\_{\textbackslash}odot\$ (i.e., all but
the already-supermassive seeds) cannot efficiently sink in typical
high-\$z\$ galaxies. We also discuss two possible solutions: forming a
huge number of seeds such that one can end up trapped in the galactic
center by chance, or seed BHs being embedded in giant structures (e.g.
star clusters) with huge effective masses above the mass threshold. We
discuss the limitations of both solutions.},
	urldate = {2021-01-12},
	journal = {arXiv e-prints},
	author = {Ma, Linhao and Hopkins, Philip F. and Ma, Xiangcheng and Anglés-Alcázar, Daniel and Faucher-Giguère, Claude-André and Kelley, Luke Zoltan},
	month = jan,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena},
	pages = {arXiv:2101.02727},
}

{"_id":"XADrBcPNzmCXGExfw","bibbaseid":"ma-hopkins-ma-anglsalczar-fauchergigure-kelley-seedsdontsinkevenmassiveblackholeseedscannotmigratetogalaxycentersefficiently-2021","author_short":["Ma, L.","Hopkins, P. F.","Ma, X.","Anglés-Alcázar, D.","Faucher-Giguère, C.","Kelley, L. Z."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","title":"Seeds Don't Sink: Even Massive Black Hole \"Seeds\" Cannot Migrate to Galaxy Centers Efficiently","volume":"2101","shorttitle":"Seeds Don't Sink","url":"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021arXiv210102727M","abstract":"Possible formation scenarios of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in the early universe include rapid growth from less massive seed black holes (BHs) via super-Eddington accretion or runaway mergers, yet both of these scenarios would require seed BHs to efficiently sink to and be trapped in the galactic center via dynamical friction (DF). This may not be true for their complicated dynamics in clumpy high-\\$z\\$ galaxies. In this work we study this \"sinking problem\" with state-of-the-art high-resolution cosmological simulations, combined with both direct \\$N\\$-body integration of seed BH trajectories and post-processing of randomly generated test particles with a newly developed DF estimator. We find that seed BHs less massive than \\$10{\\textasciicircum}8{\\textbackslash},M_{\\textbackslash}odot\\$ (i.e., all but the already-supermassive seeds) cannot efficiently sink in typical high-\\$z\\$ galaxies. We also discuss two possible solutions: forming a huge number of seeds such that one can end up trapped in the galactic center by chance, or seed BHs being embedded in giant structures (e.g. star clusters) with huge effective masses above the mass threshold. We discuss the limitations of both solutions.","urldate":"2021-01-12","journal":"arXiv e-prints","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Ma"],"firstnames":["Linhao"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Hopkins"],"firstnames":["Philip","F."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Ma"],"firstnames":["Xiangcheng"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Anglés-Alcázar"],"firstnames":["Daniel"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Faucher-Giguère"],"firstnames":["Claude-André"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Kelley"],"firstnames":["Luke","Zoltan"],"suffixes":[]}],"month":"January","year":"2021","keywords":"Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena","pages":"arXiv:2101.02727","bibtex":"@article{ma_seeds_2021,\n\ttitle = {Seeds {Don}'t {Sink}: {Even} {Massive} {Black} {Hole} \"{Seeds}\" {Cannot} {Migrate} to {Galaxy} {Centers} {Efficiently}},\n\tvolume = {2101},\n\tshorttitle = {Seeds {Don}'t {Sink}},\n\turl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021arXiv210102727M},\n\tabstract = {Possible formation scenarios of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in the \nearly universe include rapid growth from less massive seed black holes\n(BHs) via super-Eddington accretion or runaway mergers, yet both of\nthese scenarios would require seed BHs to efficiently sink to and be\ntrapped in the galactic center via dynamical friction (DF). This may not\nbe true for their complicated dynamics in clumpy high-\\$z\\$ galaxies. In\nthis work we study this \"sinking problem\" with state-of-the-art\nhigh-resolution cosmological simulations, combined with both direct\n\\$N\\$-body integration of seed BH trajectories and post-processing of\nrandomly generated test particles with a newly developed DF estimator.\nWe find that seed BHs less massive than \\$10{\\textasciicircum}8{\\textbackslash},M\\_{\\textbackslash}odot\\$ (i.e., all but\nthe already-supermassive seeds) cannot efficiently sink in typical\nhigh-\\$z\\$ galaxies. We also discuss two possible solutions: forming a\nhuge number of seeds such that one can end up trapped in the galactic\ncenter by chance, or seed BHs being embedded in giant structures (e.g.\nstar clusters) with huge effective masses above the mass threshold. We\ndiscuss the limitations of both solutions.},\n\turldate = {2021-01-12},\n\tjournal = {arXiv e-prints},\n\tauthor = {Ma, Linhao and Hopkins, Philip F. and Ma, Xiangcheng and Anglés-Alcázar, Daniel and Faucher-Giguère, Claude-André and Kelley, Luke Zoltan},\n\tmonth = jan,\n\tyear = {2021},\n\tkeywords = {Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena},\n\tpages = {arXiv:2101.02727},\n}\n\n","author_short":["Ma, L.","Hopkins, P. F.","Ma, X.","Anglés-Alcázar, D.","Faucher-Giguère, C.","Kelley, L. Z."],"key":"ma_seeds_2021","id":"ma_seeds_2021","bibbaseid":"ma-hopkins-ma-anglsalczar-fauchergigure-kelley-seedsdontsinkevenmassiveblackholeseedscannotmigratetogalaxycentersefficiently-2021","role":"author","urls":{"Paper":"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021arXiv210102727M"},"keyword":["Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies","Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena"],"metadata":{"authorlinks":{}}},"bibtype":"article","biburl":"https://bibbase.org/zotero/polyphant","dataSources":["7gvjSdWrEu7z5vjjj"],"keywords":["astrophysics - astrophysics of galaxies","astrophysics - high energy astrophysical phenomena"],"search_terms":["seeds","don","sink","even","massive","black","hole","seeds","migrate","galaxy","centers","efficiently","ma","hopkins","ma","anglés-alcázar","faucher-giguère","kelley"],"title":"Seeds Don't Sink: Even Massive Black Hole \"Seeds\" Cannot Migrate to Galaxy Centers Efficiently","year":2021}