@article{ macdonald_solving_1998,
  title = {Solving the paradox of nonconvergence: valence, position, and direction in democratic politics},
  volume = {17},
  issn = {0261-3794},
  url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V9P-3VF1KV6-1/2/9feb3d21661c4cb4c253b90bf0ba9df1},
  abstract = {One of the paradoxes of democratic politics is that in two-party electoral systems parties do not usually converge, although standard theories of party competition suggest they will. In this article we introduce the idea that electoral competition includes valence as well as position issues. This has a striking effect on party strategy, producing party divergence under both the traditional spatial model and the directional model. In addition, the presence of valence issues implies moderation for advantaged parties in directional competition.},
  number = {3},
  journal = {Electoral Studies},
  author = {Macdonald, Stuart Elaine and Rabinowitz, George},
  year = {1998},
  pages = {281--300}
}

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