Picea Omorika - Version 2014.3. Mataruga, M., Isajev, D., Gardner, M., Christian, T., & Thomas, P. In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, pages 30313/0+.
Picea Omorika - Version 2014.3 [link]Paper  abstract   bibtex   
[Excerpt] The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be\textasciitilde 4,076 km² and Picea omorika is restricted to fewer than five locations. Recent fieldwork indicates that there is a continuing (albeit slow) decline in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, quality of habitat and number of mature individuals in some locations. This is primarily due to poor regeneration and an inability to compete with associated tree species.\textasciitilde [::Common Name(s)] [::]English - Serbian Spruce [::Taxonomic Notes] A very distinctive species that has in the past been confused with Picea abies due to the use of the same vernacular name. The word 'Omorika' is common in Bosnian and Serbian folklore where it symbolize slenderness (Novak 1927). Picea abies, which also can have a very slender habit, often grows with P. omorika and the word 'Omorika' has been applied to both species in the past. [::Range Description] Picea omorika is restricted to Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. There are four locations: i) the Tara National Park in Serbia and the almost adjacent areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina between Višegrade and Srebrenica; ii) Viogor (Čajniče Municipality) in Bosnia and Herzegovina; iii) Radomišlje (Foča Municipality) in Bosnia and Hercegovina; iv) Ravnište-Kanjon Mileševke (Municipalty of Prijepolje) in Serbia.\textasciitilde [::Countries] Native:Bosnia and Herzegovina; Serbia (Serbia, Serbia) [::Population] Bosnia and HerzegovinaConfined to the eastern part of the country in Republika Srpska close to the Drina River. It occurs in three regions - Region Foča (Municipalities - Višegrad, Čajniče, Foča) ~Region Vlasenica (Municipalties - Srebrenica, ~Milići) and Region, Sarajevo-Romanija (Municipality - Rogatica). There are 14 confirmed sites within Republica Srpska. These are (names followed by km²/no. individuals): Višegrad Municipality: Veliki Stolac (0.3/3,000); Karaula Štula (00.1/100); Gostilja (0.258/1,000); Tovarnica (0.02/?).\textasciitilde Čajniče Municipality : Viogor (0.1/150). Foča Municipality: Radomišlje (0.027/100). Srebrenica Municipality: Šarena Bukva (0.005/20); Strugovi (0.1/100). Milići Municipality: Crkvice-Tijesnido (0.014/100). Rogatica Municipality: Suvi Dol (0.1/2,000; Baba (0.03/1000; Panjak (0.005/20); Novo Brdo (0.005/200). These sites represent three distinct locations. The largest cluster of sites (ca 12) is in an area ca 40 x 20 km² between Višegrade and Srebrenica and is contiguous with the main location in Serbia. The second is about 25 km south at Viogor (Čajniče Municipality) while the third is another 60 km southwest at Radomišlje (Foča Municipality). SerbiaIn Serbia it occurs in 11 different sites forming two distinct locations. Ten sites are in the Municipality of Bajina Bašta in the Tara National Park (Site name/no. of trees): Bilo, 4,192; Lutibreg, 319; Crvene Stene,3,000; Studenac, 763; Pod Gorušicom, 1; Zvijezda, 50,000; Vranjak (locus classicus), 442; Karaula Štula, 374; Crveni Potok, 6; Zmajevački Potok, 797. The eleventh site is at Ravnište-Kanjon Mileševke (Municipalty of Prijepolje), about 75 km from the southern most point of the main area. Here, there are about 300 individuals. [::Habitat and Ecology] Bosnia and HerzegovinaPicea omorika occurs on steep north to northwest facing limestone slopes (sometimes precipitous) which overlay igneous material. The altitudinal limits are from 800-1,450 m. Depending on the altitude and slope, the associated tree species can include Abies alba, Picea abies, Pinus nigra, Fagus sylvatica, Populus tremula, Sorbus aucuparia, S. aria, Quercus spp and Ostrya carpinifolia. Sometimes it can occur as the dominant species within the forest, and at higher altitude on rocky outcrops it is co-dominant with Pinus nigra. On steep slopes at high altitudes it is co-dominant with Picea abies and Pinus nigra while on steep slopes at lower elevations it is co-dominant with Fagus sylvatica. Serbia The sites at Bilo, Lutibreg, Crvene Stene, Studenac, Pod Gorušicom, Zvijezda, Vranjak and\textasciitilde Karaula Štula.Most sites are on limestone. The main associated species are Picea abies, Abies alba and Fagus sylvatica. It can also occur with Pinus nigra, P. sylvestris, Carpinus betulus and Acer platanoides. Sometimes it forms almost pure stands. The Crveni Potok site is on peatland while the Zmajevački Potok site is on serpentine soils that are derived from ultramafic rocks.\textasciitilde In Serbia it has an altitudinal range between 1,000-1,500 m, mainly on very steep north-facing slopes. Male cones mature in May. Female cones mature in September-October but mostly remain closed until the following May-June: they may persist for up to five years. Typically\textasciitilde a good coning year is usually followed by a poor one. Post fire regeneration is usually very good although limited to steep slopes and cliffs. The climate is characterized by very high humidity, high precipitation regularly distributed over the year, high snow cover, and low winter temperatures. [::Use and Trade] Historically the inaccessibility of many of the stands has limited its utilisation, particulary in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Today seed collections are often made for commercial forestry. [::Major Threat(s)] Until the middle of the 19th century the natural range of P. omorika was more continuous and less disjunct than it is today. Its current fragmented distribution is mainly the result of anthropogenic factors such as general forest clearing and cutting, pastoralism and wildfires. Fire has perhaps been the biggest threat. For example, in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the the 1950s, a large forested valley was devastated by fire which resulted in leaving three small fragments, each about 5 km apart. Local changes in landuse has prevented these fragments from expanding. More recently, during the 1992-1993 conflict, the forest at Strugovi was deliberately burnt leaving today less than 100 mature individuals alive. Generally speaking regeneration is extremely limited except on the steepest rocky slopes and on cliffs where broadleaved trees are unable to compete effectively. During recent fieldwork it was noted that the isolated locality at Viogor in Čajniče Municipality had a poor quality of habitat where the old-growth trees were stressed with thin crowns.~Picea omorika is dependent on catastrophic events for good recruitment and healthy subsequent growth to take place. Once established, it often becomes suppressed by Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies (Burschel 1965). In Serbia the decline is slow as a direct result of poor regeneration and its lack of\textasciitilde competitive ability. It is most evident at Mitrovac (Crveni Potok) and in the canyon of the river Milesevka, near to Prijepolje. This decline may become even more pronounced due to the expected climate change (Ballian 2006). Logging has never been a significant threat.
@incollection{matarugaPiceaOmorikaVersion2011,
  title = {Picea Omorika - {{Version}} 2014.3},
  booktitle = {The {{IUCN Red List}} of {{Threatened Species}}},
  author = {Mataruga, M. and Isajev, D. and Gardner, M. and Christian, T. and Thomas, P.},
  date = {2011},
  pages = {30313/0+},
  url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/13621285},
  abstract = {[Excerpt] The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be\textasciitilde{} 4,076 km² and Picea omorika is restricted to fewer than five locations. Recent fieldwork indicates that there is a continuing (albeit slow) decline in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, quality of habitat and number of mature individuals in some locations. This is primarily due to poor regeneration and an inability to compete with associated tree species.\textasciitilde{} [::Common Name(s)] [::]English - Serbian Spruce [::Taxonomic Notes] A very distinctive species that has in the past been confused with Picea abies due to the use of the same vernacular name. The word 'Omorika' is common in Bosnian and Serbian folklore where it symbolize slenderness (Novak 1927). Picea abies, which also can have a very slender habit, often grows with P. omorika and the word 'Omorika' has been applied to both species in the past. [::Range Description] Picea omorika is restricted to Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. There are four locations: i) the Tara National Park in Serbia and the almost adjacent areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina between Višegrade and Srebrenica; ii) Viogor (Čajniče Municipality) in Bosnia and Herzegovina; iii) Radomišlje (Foča Municipality) in Bosnia and Hercegovina; iv) Ravnište-Kanjon Mileševke (Municipalty of Prijepolje) in Serbia.\textasciitilde{} [::Countries] Native:Bosnia and Herzegovina; Serbia (Serbia, Serbia) [::Population] Bosnia and HerzegovinaConfined to the eastern part of the country in Republika Srpska close to the Drina River. It occurs in three regions - Region Foča (Municipalities - Višegrad, Čajniče, Foča) \textasciitilde Region Vlasenica (Municipalties - Srebrenica, \textasciitilde Milići) and Region, Sarajevo-Romanija (Municipality - Rogatica). There are 14 confirmed sites within Republica Srpska. These are (names followed by km²/no. individuals): Višegrad Municipality: Veliki Stolac (0.3/3,000); Karaula Štula (00.1/100); Gostilja (0.258/1,000); Tovarnica (0.02/?).\textasciitilde{} Čajniče Municipality : Viogor (0.1/150). Foča Municipality: Radomišlje (0.027/100). Srebrenica Municipality: Šarena Bukva (0.005/20); Strugovi (0.1/100). Milići Municipality: Crkvice-Tijesnido (0.014/100). Rogatica Municipality: Suvi Dol (0.1/2,000; Baba (0.03/1000; Panjak (0.005/20); Novo Brdo (0.005/200). These sites represent three distinct locations. The largest cluster of sites (ca 12) is in an area ca 40 x 20 km² between Višegrade and Srebrenica and is contiguous with the main location in Serbia. The second is about 25 km south at Viogor (Čajniče Municipality) while the third is another 60 km southwest at Radomišlje (Foča Municipality). SerbiaIn Serbia it occurs in 11 different sites forming two distinct locations. Ten sites are in the Municipality of Bajina Bašta in the Tara National Park (Site name/no. of trees): Bilo, 4,192; Lutibreg, 319; Crvene Stene,3,000; Studenac, 763; Pod Gorušicom, 1; Zvijezda, 50,000; Vranjak (locus classicus), 442; Karaula Štula, 374; Crveni Potok, 6; Zmajevački Potok, 797. The eleventh site is at Ravnište-Kanjon Mileševke (Municipalty of Prijepolje), about 75 km from the southern most point of the main area. Here, there are about 300 individuals. [::Habitat and Ecology] Bosnia and HerzegovinaPicea omorika occurs on steep north to northwest facing limestone slopes (sometimes precipitous) which overlay igneous material. The altitudinal limits are from 800-1,450 m. Depending on the altitude and slope, the associated tree species can include Abies alba, Picea abies, Pinus nigra, Fagus sylvatica, Populus tremula, Sorbus aucuparia, S. aria, Quercus spp and Ostrya carpinifolia. Sometimes it can occur as the dominant species within the forest, and at higher altitude on rocky outcrops it is co-dominant with Pinus nigra. On steep slopes at high altitudes it is co-dominant with Picea abies and Pinus nigra while on steep slopes at lower elevations it is co-dominant with Fagus sylvatica. Serbia The sites at Bilo, Lutibreg, Crvene Stene, Studenac, Pod Gorušicom, Zvijezda, Vranjak and\textasciitilde{} Karaula Štula.Most sites are on limestone. The main associated species are Picea abies, Abies alba and Fagus sylvatica. It can also occur with Pinus nigra, P. sylvestris, Carpinus betulus and Acer platanoides. Sometimes it forms almost pure stands. The Crveni Potok site is on peatland while the Zmajevački Potok site is on serpentine soils that are derived from ultramafic rocks.\textasciitilde{} In Serbia it has an altitudinal range between 1,000-1,500 m, mainly on very steep north-facing slopes. Male cones mature in May. Female cones mature in September-October but mostly remain closed until the following May-June: they may persist for up to five years. Typically\textasciitilde{} a good coning year is usually followed by a poor one. Post fire regeneration is usually very good although limited to steep slopes and cliffs. The climate is characterized by very high humidity, high precipitation regularly distributed over the year, high snow cover, and low winter temperatures. [::Use and Trade] Historically the inaccessibility of many of the stands has limited its utilisation, particulary in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Today seed collections are often made for commercial forestry. [::Major Threat(s)] Until the middle of the 19th century the natural range of P. omorika was more continuous and less disjunct than it is today. Its current fragmented distribution is mainly the result of anthropogenic factors such as general forest clearing and cutting, pastoralism and wildfires. Fire has perhaps been the biggest threat. For example, in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the the 1950s, a large forested valley was devastated by fire which resulted in leaving three small fragments, each about 5 km apart. Local changes in landuse has prevented these fragments from expanding. More recently, during the 1992-1993 conflict, the forest at Strugovi was deliberately burnt leaving today less than 100 mature individuals alive. Generally speaking regeneration is extremely limited except on the steepest rocky slopes and on cliffs where broadleaved trees are unable to compete effectively. During recent fieldwork it was noted that the isolated locality at Viogor in Čajniče Municipality had a poor quality of habitat where the old-growth trees were stressed with thin crowns.~Picea omorika is dependent on catastrophic events for good recruitment and healthy subsequent growth to take place. Once established, it often becomes suppressed by Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies (Burschel 1965). In Serbia the decline is slow as a direct result of poor regeneration and its lack of\textasciitilde{} competitive ability. It is most evident at Mitrovac (Crveni Potok) and in the canyon of the river Milesevka, near to Prijepolje. This decline may become even more pronounced due to the expected climate change (Ballian 2006). Logging has never been a significant threat.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13621285,conservation,forest-resources,iucn,iucn-endangered-en,picea-omorika}
}
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