Issue Voting: An Empirical Examination of Individually Necessary and Jointly Sufficient Conditions. Meier, K. J. & Campbell, J. E. American Politics Research, 7(1):21--50, 1979.
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This paper argues that six conditions must be met to conclude that issue voting exists: (1) candidates must take different positions on the issues of the day; (2) the campaign issues salient have issues must be salient to the voter; (3) voters must have a position on the issue; (4) voters must accurately perceive candidate positions; (5) issue-based candidate evaluations must consistent intention be consistent with vote intention; and (6) vote intention must be based on a previously established issue evaluation not vice versa. This study estimates the number of voters who were able to meet these conditions for issue voting during the 1972 presidential election campaign.
@article{ meier_issue_1979,
  title = {Issue {Voting}: {An} {Empirical} {Examination} of {Individually} {Necessary} and {Jointly} {Sufficient} {Conditions}},
  volume = {7},
  issn = {1532-673X},
  doi = {10.1177/1532673X7900700102},
  abstract = {This paper argues that six conditions must be met to conclude that issue voting exists: (1) candidates must take different positions on the issues of the day; (2) the campaign issues salient have issues must be salient to the voter; (3) voters must have a position on the issue; (4) voters must accurately perceive candidate positions; (5) issue-based candidate evaluations must consistent intention be consistent with vote intention; and (6) vote intention must be based on a previously established issue evaluation not vice versa. This study estimates the number of voters who were able to meet these conditions for issue voting during the 1972 presidential election campaign.},
  number = {1},
  journal = {American Politics Research},
  author = {Meier, K. J. and Campbell, J. E.},
  year = {1979},
  pages = {21--50}
}

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