@incollection{ merz_what_????,
  edition = {Volkens, Andrea, Judith Bara, Ian Budge, Michael D. McDonald, Hans-Dieter Klingemann},
  title = {What are {Manifestos} for? {Selecting} and {Typing} {Documents} in the {Database}},
  isbn = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199640041.003.0010},
  abstract = {The basis for all the estimates of party, government and voter preferences is the individual party manifesto. MARPOR and its predecessors have aimed at collecting these for each ‘party-in-an-election’ but, for several reasons, about one third of the documents on which estimates are based are not manifestos as such but ‘closest equivalents’. Such substitutions do not seem from the final estimate checks in Chapter 6 to affect their validity or reliability too much and create ‘noise’ rather than systematic bias. Chapter 8 provides alternative quantified indices based on the extent to which documents display the characteristics of ‘ideal type’ manifestos and undertakes an empirical analysis of the difference made by using ‘long’ and ‘short’ election programmes issued by German parties to estimate their policy positions. This potential source of error seems limited in its effects, confirming the conclusions of Chapter 6 that final estimates based on the whole document set are generally reliable.},
  booktitle = {Mapping {Policy} {Preferences} from {Texts} {III}. {Statistical} {Solutions} for {Manifesto} {Analysts}},
  publisher = {Oxford: Oxford University Press},
  author = {Merz, Nicolas and Regel, Sven},
  pages = {169--194}
}

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