@Article{Mesulam1998,
  author   = {MM Mesulam},
  journal  = {Brain},
  title    = {From sensation to cognition.},
  year     = {1998},
  pages    = {1013-52},
  volume   = {121 ( Pt 6)},
  abstract = {Sensory information undergoes extensive associative elaboration and
	attentional modulation as it becomes incorporated into the texture
	of cognition. This process occurs along a core synaptic hierarchy
	which includes the primary sensory, upstream unimodal, downstream
	unimodal, heteromodal, paralimbic and limbic zones of the cerebral
	cortex. Connections from one zone to another are reciprocal and allow
	higher synaptic levels to exert a feedback (top-down) influence upon
	earlier levels of processing. Each cortical area provides a nexus
	for the convergence of afferents and divergence of efferents. The
	resultant synaptic organization supports parallel as well as serial
	processing, and allows each sensory event to initiate multiple cognitive
	and behavioural outcomes. Upstream sectors of unimodal association
	areas encode basic features of sensation such as colour, motion,
	form and pitch. More complex contents of sensory experience such
	as objects, faces, word-forms, spatial locations and sound sequences
	become encoded within downstream sectors of unimodal areas by groups
	of coarsely tuned neurons. The highest synaptic levels of sensory-fugal
	processing are occupied by heteromodal, paralimbic and limbic cortices,
	collectively known as transmodal areas. The unique role of these
	areas is to bind multiple unimodal and other transmodal areas into
	distributed but integrated multimodal representations. Transmodal
	areas in the midtemporal cortex, Wernicke's area, the hippocampal-entorhinal
	complex and the posterior parietal cortex provide critical gateways
	for transforming perception into recognition, word-forms into meaning,
	scenes and events into experiences, and spatial locations into targets
	for exploration. All cognitive processes arise from analogous associative
	transformations of similar sets of sensory inputs. The differences
	in the resultant cognitive operation are determined by the anatomical
	and physiological properties of the transmodal node that acts as
	the critical gateway for the dominant transformation. Interconnected
	sets of transmodal nodes provide anatomical and computational epicentres
	for large-scale neurocognitive networks. In keeping with the principles
	of selectively distributed processing, each epicentre of a large-scale
	network displays a relative specialization for a specific behavioural
	component of its principal neurospychological domain. The destruction
	of transmodal epicentres causes global impairments such as multimodal
	anomia, neglect and amnesia, whereas their selective disconnection
	from relevant unimodal areas elicits modality-specific impairments
	such as prosopagnosia, pure word blindness and category-specific
	anomias. The human brain contains at least five anatomically distinct
	networks. The network for spatial awareness is based on transmodal
	epicentres in the posterior parietal cortex and the frontal eye fields;
	the language network on epicentres in Wernicke's and Broca's areas;
	the explicit memory/emotion network on epicentres in the hippocampal-entorhinal
	complex and the amygdala; the face-object recognition network on
	epicentres in the midtemporal and temporopolar cortices; and the
	working memory-executive function network on epicentres in the lateral
	prefrontal cortex and perhaps the posterior parietal cortex. Individual
	sensory modalities give rise to streams of processing directed to
	transmodal nodes belonging to each of these networks. The fidelity
	of sensory channels is actively protected through approximately four
	synaptic levels of sensory-fugal processing. The modality-specific
	cortices at these four synaptic levels encode the most veridical
	representations of experience. Attentional, motivational and emotional
	modulations, including those related to working memory, novelty-seeking
	and mental imagery, become increasingly more pronounced within downstream
	components of unimodal areas, where they help to create a highly
	edited subjective version of the world. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)},
  keywords = {Attention, Behavior, Cerebral Cortex, Cognition, Human, Language, Memory, Perception, Sensation, Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., 9648540},
}

{"_id":"CjJuQKoDuuJabyqL7","bibbaseid":"mesulam-fromsensationtocognition-1998","downloads":0,"creationDate":"2015-02-08T05:14:51.424Z","title":"From sensation to cognition.","author_short":["Mesulam, M."],"year":1998,"bibtype":"article","biburl":"https://endress.org/publications/ansgar.bib","bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","author":[{"firstnames":["MM"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Mesulam"],"suffixes":[]}],"journal":"Brain","title":"From sensation to cognition.","year":"1998","pages":"1013-52","volume":"121 ( Pt 6)","abstract":"Sensory information undergoes extensive associative elaboration and attentional modulation as it becomes incorporated into the texture of cognition. This process occurs along a core synaptic hierarchy which includes the primary sensory, upstream unimodal, downstream unimodal, heteromodal, paralimbic and limbic zones of the cerebral cortex. Connections from one zone to another are reciprocal and allow higher synaptic levels to exert a feedback (top-down) influence upon earlier levels of processing. Each cortical area provides a nexus for the convergence of afferents and divergence of efferents. The resultant synaptic organization supports parallel as well as serial processing, and allows each sensory event to initiate multiple cognitive and behavioural outcomes. Upstream sectors of unimodal association areas encode basic features of sensation such as colour, motion, form and pitch. More complex contents of sensory experience such as objects, faces, word-forms, spatial locations and sound sequences become encoded within downstream sectors of unimodal areas by groups of coarsely tuned neurons. The highest synaptic levels of sensory-fugal processing are occupied by heteromodal, paralimbic and limbic cortices, collectively known as transmodal areas. The unique role of these areas is to bind multiple unimodal and other transmodal areas into distributed but integrated multimodal representations. Transmodal areas in the midtemporal cortex, Wernicke's area, the hippocampal-entorhinal complex and the posterior parietal cortex provide critical gateways for transforming perception into recognition, word-forms into meaning, scenes and events into experiences, and spatial locations into targets for exploration. All cognitive processes arise from analogous associative transformations of similar sets of sensory inputs. The differences in the resultant cognitive operation are determined by the anatomical and physiological properties of the transmodal node that acts as the critical gateway for the dominant transformation. Interconnected sets of transmodal nodes provide anatomical and computational epicentres for large-scale neurocognitive networks. In keeping with the principles of selectively distributed processing, each epicentre of a large-scale network displays a relative specialization for a specific behavioural component of its principal neurospychological domain. The destruction of transmodal epicentres causes global impairments such as multimodal anomia, neglect and amnesia, whereas their selective disconnection from relevant unimodal areas elicits modality-specific impairments such as prosopagnosia, pure word blindness and category-specific anomias. The human brain contains at least five anatomically distinct networks. The network for spatial awareness is based on transmodal epicentres in the posterior parietal cortex and the frontal eye fields; the language network on epicentres in Wernicke's and Broca's areas; the explicit memory/emotion network on epicentres in the hippocampal-entorhinal complex and the amygdala; the face-object recognition network on epicentres in the midtemporal and temporopolar cortices; and the working memory-executive function network on epicentres in the lateral prefrontal cortex and perhaps the posterior parietal cortex. Individual sensory modalities give rise to streams of processing directed to transmodal nodes belonging to each of these networks. The fidelity of sensory channels is actively protected through approximately four synaptic levels of sensory-fugal processing. The modality-specific cortices at these four synaptic levels encode the most veridical representations of experience. Attentional, motivational and emotional modulations, including those related to working memory, novelty-seeking and mental imagery, become increasingly more pronounced within downstream components of unimodal areas, where they help to create a highly edited subjective version of the world. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)","keywords":"Attention, Behavior, Cerebral Cortex, Cognition, Human, Language, Memory, Perception, Sensation, Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., 9648540","bibtex":"@Article{Mesulam1998,\n author = {MM Mesulam},\n journal = {Brain},\n title = {From sensation to cognition.},\n year = {1998},\n pages = {1013-52},\n volume = {121 ( Pt 6)},\n abstract = {Sensory information undergoes extensive associative elaboration and\n\tattentional modulation as it becomes incorporated into the texture\n\tof cognition. This process occurs along a core synaptic hierarchy\n\twhich includes the primary sensory, upstream unimodal, downstream\n\tunimodal, heteromodal, paralimbic and limbic zones of the cerebral\n\tcortex. Connections from one zone to another are reciprocal and allow\n\thigher synaptic levels to exert a feedback (top-down) influence upon\n\tearlier levels of processing. Each cortical area provides a nexus\n\tfor the convergence of afferents and divergence of efferents. The\n\tresultant synaptic organization supports parallel as well as serial\n\tprocessing, and allows each sensory event to initiate multiple cognitive\n\tand behavioural outcomes. Upstream sectors of unimodal association\n\tareas encode basic features of sensation such as colour, motion,\n\tform and pitch. More complex contents of sensory experience such\n\tas objects, faces, word-forms, spatial locations and sound sequences\n\tbecome encoded within downstream sectors of unimodal areas by groups\n\tof coarsely tuned neurons. The highest synaptic levels of sensory-fugal\n\tprocessing are occupied by heteromodal, paralimbic and limbic cortices,\n\tcollectively known as transmodal areas. The unique role of these\n\tareas is to bind multiple unimodal and other transmodal areas into\n\tdistributed but integrated multimodal representations. Transmodal\n\tareas in the midtemporal cortex, Wernicke's area, the hippocampal-entorhinal\n\tcomplex and the posterior parietal cortex provide critical gateways\n\tfor transforming perception into recognition, word-forms into meaning,\n\tscenes and events into experiences, and spatial locations into targets\n\tfor exploration. All cognitive processes arise from analogous associative\n\ttransformations of similar sets of sensory inputs. The differences\n\tin the resultant cognitive operation are determined by the anatomical\n\tand physiological properties of the transmodal node that acts as\n\tthe critical gateway for the dominant transformation. Interconnected\n\tsets of transmodal nodes provide anatomical and computational epicentres\n\tfor large-scale neurocognitive networks. In keeping with the principles\n\tof selectively distributed processing, each epicentre of a large-scale\n\tnetwork displays a relative specialization for a specific behavioural\n\tcomponent of its principal neurospychological domain. The destruction\n\tof transmodal epicentres causes global impairments such as multimodal\n\tanomia, neglect and amnesia, whereas their selective disconnection\n\tfrom relevant unimodal areas elicits modality-specific impairments\n\tsuch as prosopagnosia, pure word blindness and category-specific\n\tanomias. The human brain contains at least five anatomically distinct\n\tnetworks. The network for spatial awareness is based on transmodal\n\tepicentres in the posterior parietal cortex and the frontal eye fields;\n\tthe language network on epicentres in Wernicke's and Broca's areas;\n\tthe explicit memory/emotion network on epicentres in the hippocampal-entorhinal\n\tcomplex and the amygdala; the face-object recognition network on\n\tepicentres in the midtemporal and temporopolar cortices; and the\n\tworking memory-executive function network on epicentres in the lateral\n\tprefrontal cortex and perhaps the posterior parietal cortex. Individual\n\tsensory modalities give rise to streams of processing directed to\n\ttransmodal nodes belonging to each of these networks. The fidelity\n\tof sensory channels is actively protected through approximately four\n\tsynaptic levels of sensory-fugal processing. The modality-specific\n\tcortices at these four synaptic levels encode the most veridical\n\trepresentations of experience. Attentional, motivational and emotional\n\tmodulations, including those related to working memory, novelty-seeking\n\tand mental imagery, become increasingly more pronounced within downstream\n\tcomponents of unimodal areas, where they help to create a highly\n\tedited subjective version of the world. 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