@article{mkrtchian_threat_2017,
	title = {Threat of shock and aversive inhibition: {Induced} anxiety modulates {Pavlovian}-instrumental interactions.},
	volume = {146},
	copyright = {(c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).},
	issn = {1939-2222 0096-3445 0022-1015},
	doi = {10.1037/xge0000363},
	abstract = {Anxiety can be an adaptive response to potentially threatening situations. However, if experienced in inappropriate contexts, it can also lead to  pathological and maladaptive anxiety disorders. Experimentally, anxiety can be  induced in healthy individuals using the threat of shock (ToS) paradigm.  Accumulating work with this paradigm suggests that anxiety promotes harm-avoidant  mechanisms through enhanced inhibitory control. However, the specific cognitive  mechanisms underlying anxiety-linked inhibitory control are unclear. Critically,  behavioral inhibition can arise from at least 2 interacting valuation systems:  instrumental (a goal-directed system) and Pavlovian (a "hardwired" reflexive  system). The present study (N = 62) replicated a study showing improved response  inhibition under ToS in healthy participants, and additionally examined the  impact of ToS on aversive and appetitive Pavlovian-instrumental interactions in a  reinforced go/no-go task. When Pavlovian and instrumental systems were in  conflict, ToS increased inhibition to aversive events, while leaving appetitive  interactions unperturbed. We argue that anxiety promotes avoidant behavior in  potentially harmful situations by potentiating aversive Pavlovian reactions  (i.e., promoting avoidance in the face of threats). Critically, such a mechanism  would drive adaptive harm-avoidant behavior in threatening situations where  Pavlovian and instrumental processes are aligned, but at the same time, result in  maladaptive behaviors when misaligned and where instrumental control would be  advantageous. This has important implications for our understanding of the  mechanisms that underlie pathological anxiety. (PsycINFO Database Record},
	language = {eng},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Journal of experimental psychology. General},
	author = {Mkrtchian, Anahit and Roiser, Jonathan P. and Robinson, Oliver J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2017},
	pmid = {28910125},
	pmcid = {PMC5733814},
	note = {Place: United States},
	keywords = {*Inhibition, *Inhibition, Psychological, *Reinforcement, *Reinforcement, Psychology, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety/*physiopathology, Avoidance Learning/*physiology, Classical/*physiology, Conditioning, Conditioning, Classical/*physiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychological, Psychology, Young Adult},
	pages = {1694--1704},
}

{"_id":"t4MnYtML2yaD2ekC6","bibbaseid":"mkrtchian-roiser-robinson-threatofshockandaversiveinhibitioninducedanxietymodulatespavlovianinstrumentalinteractions-2017","author_short":["Mkrtchian, A.","Roiser, J. P.","Robinson, O. J."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","title":"Threat of shock and aversive inhibition: Induced anxiety modulates Pavlovian-instrumental interactions.","volume":"146","copyright":"(c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).","issn":"1939-2222 0096-3445 0022-1015","doi":"10.1037/xge0000363","abstract":"Anxiety can be an adaptive response to potentially threatening situations. However, if experienced in inappropriate contexts, it can also lead to pathological and maladaptive anxiety disorders. Experimentally, anxiety can be induced in healthy individuals using the threat of shock (ToS) paradigm. Accumulating work with this paradigm suggests that anxiety promotes harm-avoidant mechanisms through enhanced inhibitory control. However, the specific cognitive mechanisms underlying anxiety-linked inhibitory control are unclear. Critically, behavioral inhibition can arise from at least 2 interacting valuation systems: instrumental (a goal-directed system) and Pavlovian (a \"hardwired\" reflexive system). The present study (N = 62) replicated a study showing improved response inhibition under ToS in healthy participants, and additionally examined the impact of ToS on aversive and appetitive Pavlovian-instrumental interactions in a reinforced go/no-go task. When Pavlovian and instrumental systems were in conflict, ToS increased inhibition to aversive events, while leaving appetitive interactions unperturbed. We argue that anxiety promotes avoidant behavior in potentially harmful situations by potentiating aversive Pavlovian reactions (i.e., promoting avoidance in the face of threats). Critically, such a mechanism would drive adaptive harm-avoidant behavior in threatening situations where Pavlovian and instrumental processes are aligned, but at the same time, result in maladaptive behaviors when misaligned and where instrumental control would be advantageous. This has important implications for our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie pathological anxiety. (PsycINFO Database Record","language":"eng","number":"12","journal":"Journal of experimental psychology. General","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Mkrtchian"],"firstnames":["Anahit"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Roiser"],"firstnames":["Jonathan","P."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Robinson"],"firstnames":["Oliver","J."],"suffixes":[]}],"month":"December","year":"2017","pmid":"28910125","pmcid":"PMC5733814","note":"Place: United States","keywords":"*Inhibition, *Inhibition, Psychological, *Reinforcement, *Reinforcement, Psychology, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety/*physiopathology, Avoidance Learning/*physiology, Classical/*physiology, Conditioning, Conditioning, Classical/*physiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychological, Psychology, Young Adult","pages":"1694–1704","bibtex":"@article{mkrtchian_threat_2017,\n\ttitle = {Threat of shock and aversive inhibition: {Induced} anxiety modulates {Pavlovian}-instrumental interactions.},\n\tvolume = {146},\n\tcopyright = {(c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).},\n\tissn = {1939-2222 0096-3445 0022-1015},\n\tdoi = {10.1037/xge0000363},\n\tabstract = {Anxiety can be an adaptive response to potentially threatening situations. However, if experienced in inappropriate contexts, it can also lead to pathological and maladaptive anxiety disorders. Experimentally, anxiety can be induced in healthy individuals using the threat of shock (ToS) paradigm. Accumulating work with this paradigm suggests that anxiety promotes harm-avoidant mechanisms through enhanced inhibitory control. However, the specific cognitive mechanisms underlying anxiety-linked inhibitory control are unclear. Critically, behavioral inhibition can arise from at least 2 interacting valuation systems: instrumental (a goal-directed system) and Pavlovian (a \"hardwired\" reflexive system). The present study (N = 62) replicated a study showing improved response inhibition under ToS in healthy participants, and additionally examined the impact of ToS on aversive and appetitive Pavlovian-instrumental interactions in a reinforced go/no-go task. When Pavlovian and instrumental systems were in conflict, ToS increased inhibition to aversive events, while leaving appetitive interactions unperturbed. We argue that anxiety promotes avoidant behavior in potentially harmful situations by potentiating aversive Pavlovian reactions (i.e., promoting avoidance in the face of threats). Critically, such a mechanism would drive adaptive harm-avoidant behavior in threatening situations where Pavlovian and instrumental processes are aligned, but at the same time, result in maladaptive behaviors when misaligned and where instrumental control would be advantageous. This has important implications for our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie pathological anxiety. (PsycINFO Database Record},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {12},\n\tjournal = {Journal of experimental psychology. 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